Orientation to Computing-I
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Unit-2 (Operating System)
•Operating System: Operating Systems and its components, Windows
Operating Systems Versions and features, Installation process,
Directory Hierarchy of Windows Operating System (single level and
multiple level), Bootloader
•Linux Operating System: Linux OS and its features, Distribution
versions, installation process, Directory Hierarchy of Linux System
(single level and multiple level). Partitions: Understanding disk
partitions and obtaining partition information using system tools,
Comparison of windows and Linux OS, Virtual Machines
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What is an Operating System?
• What is an Operating system?
– A program that acts as an intermediate/ interface between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
– Resource allocator (Managing the resources efficiently)
– Control Program
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs and make problem solving easier.
– Make the computer system convenient to use
– Efficiently use available resources/Manage resources of computer
• An operating system is the one program that is running at all the times on
the computer- usually called the kernel.
• Kernel is a program that (allow) let the hardware to recognize and read the
program/process.
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Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make problem solving easier and Make the
computer system convenient to use:
Hides the details of hardware from the user, acts as an interface between computer
hardware and the user
Efficiently use available resources/Manage resources of computer:
keep tract of who is using what resources, granting and accepting requests, when to
assign resources, how to manage the files
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Computer System Structure
• Computer system can be divided into four components:
– Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
– Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of resources among various applications
and users
– System/Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solving user problems
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games
– Users
• People, machines, other computers
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Four Components of a Computer System
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Computer System Organization
• Computer-system operation
– One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing
access to shared memory
– Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
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Functions of operating system
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Components of Operating System
1. Process Management
2. File Management
3. Network Management
4. Main Memory Management
5. Secondary Storage Management
6. I/O Device Management
7. Security Management
8. Command Interpreter System
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Process Management
Process/Job----------Program in execution
• The process management component is a procedure for managing many processes
running simultaneously on the operating system. Every running software
application program has one or more processes associated with them.
• For example, when you use a search engine like Chrome, there is a process running
for that browser program.
• Process management keeps processes running efficiently. It also uses memory
allocated to them and shutting them down when needed.
• The execution of a process must be sequential so, at least one instruction should be
executed on behalf of the process.
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Functions of process management
• Here are the following functions of process management in the operating system,
such as:
• Process creation and deletion.
• Suspension and resumption.
• Synchronization process: A synchronous process is a process that can be executed
without interruption from start to finish
• Communication process
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Process State Diagram
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