PANCHAYATH RAJ ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
PRESENTATION ON BASIC DESIGN OF
ROADS
WELCOME
Classification of roads
National Highways
State Highways
Major and Minor Dist
Roads
Rural roads
Based on location and
function 2
Importance of Rural roads
Rural roads play an important role in poverty alleviation in rural
areas, enable transportation of men, material and goods, lead to
diversification of agricultural activities and boost rural as well as
overall economic growth of the country. Thus, rural roads form the
backbone of the country’s growth
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As per MORTH
Classification of roads
•Based on Materials
Earthen Gravel Road WBM
Road Road
Bituminous Road Concrete 6
Road
Classification of roads
• Based on Rigidity
Flexible
Pavement
Flexible roads consist of a flexible layer as a pavement
surface, which requires proper maintenance; otherwise, it can
be disintegrated easily with heavy traffic. All types of roads
except concrete roads fall under this category.
Rigid Pavement
Rigid pavements are non-flexible and cement concrete
roads are fall under this category.
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Geometric Design
Typical cross section of road
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Geometric Design
Carriage way
A carriageway or roadway consists of a width of
road on which a vehicle is not restricted by any
physical barriers.
As per IRC 73 1980
1
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Cross slope or camber
It is the slope provided to the road
surface in the transverse direction to drain off the rain
water from the road
surface. Camber for earthen shoulders should be 0.5%
steeper than the pavement subject to minimum of 3%.
As per IRC 73 1980
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Geometric Design
Horizontal Curve:
As per IRC 73:1980, horizontal curves should consist of
circular portion flanked by spiral transitions at both ends.
Elements of combined circular and transition 14
curve.
Geometric Design
Design speed, super elevation and coefficient of lateral
friction affect the design of circular curve.
Transition Curve:
Transition curves are necessary for hav
vehicle to smooth entry from straight section e
into a circular curve.
Design
Comfortcriteria ofchange
(rate of Transition curve:
of centrifugal acceleration)
Rate of change of superelevation.
Minimum length as per IRC: 73- 1980.
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Geometric Design
Super Elevation:
Superelevation in roads is
basically provided on the horizontally
curved portion of the roads in which
the outer edge of the road
pavement is raised with respect to
the inner edge, thus providing a
transverse slope throughout the
horizontal
length curve of the road to
of the
counter centrifugal force.
Super Elevation e=(V²/225R)
Where V = Velocity in
kmph
R =Radius
As per IRCof38 1988 1
curve in m 6
Extra widening :
Extra widening refers to the additional width of
carriageway that is required on a curved section of a road
over and above that required on a straight alignment.
If the radius is ≤ 50 m then extra widening is provided on
inner edge of the horizontal curve. If the radius is ˃ 50 m then
extra widening is provided on both edges of the curve.
Generally, it is 0.90m upto 20m radius and 0.60m for 21m
to 60m radius.
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Extra widening We= Mechanical widening Wm + Psychological Widening
Wps We= (nl²/2R) + (V/9.5√R)
Where V=Design Speed in kmph
n=No of Lanes
R=Radius of curve in m
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CRUST DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Crust design is based on
a) Design traffic based on Cumulative number of
standard axles(Cumulative ESAL)
b) Sub grade strength
Cumulative ESAL is calculated as follows :
1) Initial traffic in terms of Commercial Vehicles per
day(CVPD)
2) Traffic Growth rate during Design period
3) Design Life in number of years
4) Vehicle damage factor
5) Distribution of commercial traffic over the carriage
way.
After getting Cumulative ESAL and CBR of subgrade
soil the crust will be calculated as per IRC SP 72 - 2015
Embankment
Embankment:
An embankment refers to a volume of earthen material that is placed
and compacted for the purpose of raising the grade of a roadway above
the level of the existing surrounding ground surface.
The materials used in the embankment shall be soil, moorum, gravel,
slag or a mixture of these. Such material should be free from logs, stumps,
roots and rubbish.
As per MORD First Revision 26
Embankment
Side Slopes of embankment height ˂
3m:
In Silty/ Sandy/ Gravelly soil 2 : 1 (H:V)
In Clay or Clayey Silt or Inundated 2.5:1 to 3:1
condition
As per MORD First Revision
Sub-Grade
Sub-grade :
The finished and compacted earthwork on which a road pavement
rests is called as sub-grade or formation.
Functions of Sub-grade:
• To provide support to the pavements.
• Sub-grade carries entire load of pavement including the traffic.
Material used as sub grade should have a maximum laboratory dry
weight not less than 16.50 kN/m³
Tests to be conducted Prior to construction Subgrade are same as
embankment and additionally CBR test (IS:2720 Part 16) shall be
conducted for every kilometre.
Sub-base :
A layer of granular material provided in between the sub- grade
and the base course in a road pavement is called sub- base. Materials
like natural sand, moorum, gravel, crushed stone, crushed slag,
brickmetal, kankar or combination of these materials depending on
the gradation requirements.
Functions of Sub-base :
• It improves the bearing capacity of sub-grade.
• It improves drainage and keep check on capillary rise of subsoil water.
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Sub-Base
Physical requirements of sub-base:
•The Wet Aggregate Impact value as per IS:5640 shall not exceed
50.
•The sub-base material shall have a minimum soaked CBR value of
20 at field dry density of 100% of MDD as per
IS 2720 Part 7.
As per MORD First
Revision 32
Sub-Base
As per MORD First
Revision 33
Sub-Base
As per MORD First Revision
Base Course
Base Course :
A layer of boulders or bricks provided in double layer over the
sub-base or immediately over the sub-grade in the absence of sub-
base in a pavement is called base course.
Functions of Base Course:
• To withstand high shearing stresses develop due to the impact of
traffic on the wearing course.
• To act as foundation to the pavement, which transfers load over the
pavement surface to the sub-base and sub-grade lying underneath.
Base Course
Materials used as Base
Course:
Material used Relevant Standards
Gravel Aggregate/ Soil Agg egate MORD 1st Revision Clause 402
Lime treated soil r MORD 1st Revision Clause 403
Cement stabilized MORD 1st Revision Clause 404
Water bound Macadam MORD 1st Revision Clause 405
Wet mix Macadam MORD 1st Revision Clause 406
Dense Graded Bituminous Macadam MoRTH 4th Revision Clau e 507
Bituminous Macada MoRTH 4th Revision Clau e s504
Wet Mix Macadam
Wet Mix Macadam (WMM):
Wet mix Macadam consists of graded aggregate and
granular material mixed with water in pug mill or
paddle mixer and rolled to dense mass.
The thickness of a single compacted WMM layer shall not
be less than 75mm.
Physical requirements of coarse aggregate for WMM:
Test Test Method Requirements
Aggregate Impact value IS:2386 (Part 4) or IS:5640 40% Maximum
Flakiness Index IS:2386 (Part1) 25% Maximum
Plasticity Index IS:2720 (Part5) Not exceeding 6
As per MORD First Revision
Wet Mix Macadam
As per MORD First Revision
Prime Coat
Prime coat is a single coat of low viscosity bituminous layer laid
over a non bituminous porous granular surface to superimpose
bituminous wearing course.
The primer shall be cationic bitumen emulsion SS I grade,
complying with IS:8887 or medium curing cutback bitumen conforming
to IS:217.
Quantity of SS I Bitumen emulsion for various granular surfaces as per
MORD
Tack Coat
It is a single coat of low viscosity liquid bituminous material laid over
an existing bituminous, cement concrete or primed granular surface layer
to superimpose bituminous wearing course.
Rapid Setting Bituminous Emulsion Grade RS-I complying with
IS:8887 or suitable low viscosity paving bitumen of VG 10 grade
confirming to IS:73 shall be used as Tack coat.
Tack Coat
Rate of Application of Tack coat as per
MORD
Surface Course
It is the top most layer of flexible pavement which has direct
contact with the vehicular loads. Since it is directly in contact with
traffic, good quality aggregates and high dense bitumen or asphalt
is recommended for the construction of surface course.
Functions
• To provide skid-resistance surface, friction and drainage for the
pavement.
• It should be water tight against surface water infiltration.
Surface Course
Materials used as wearing course:
Generally in construction of flexible pavement Bituminous
material is used as wearing course. They are
Open graded premix carpet (OGPC)
Cold mixed open graded premix carpet
Mixed seal surfacing (MSS)
Semi dense bituminous concrete (SDBC)
Bituminous concrete (BC)
Bituminous Concrete
Bituminous concrete is used as wearing and profile corrective
course. A single layer of BC of 30mm/40mm/50mm thick is laid over
previously prepared bituminous bound surface.
Physical requirements of coarse aggregate in BC as per MoRTH 5th Revision.
Bituminous Concrete
Composition of Bituminous concrete Pavement layers as per MoRTH 5th revision
KM Stones
As per IRC: 08-1980
KM Stones
Location of kM stones As per IRC: 08-1980
HM Stones
Design of HM
stones as per IRC:
26-1967.
HM Stones
Location of HM stones As
per IRC: 26-1967
SPEED BREAKER
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As per IRC: 99-1988
Thank
You