Computer Networks
CSE 4511
Network
Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication
links
Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or
receiving data
To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a
number of criteria
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Type of Connection
1-3
Type of Connection
Point-to-point
Dedicated link between two devices
The entire capacity of the channel is reserved
Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control
Multipoint
More than two devices share a single link
Capacity of the channel is either
Spatially shared: Devices can use the link
simultaneously
Timeshare: Users take turns
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Physical Topology
1-5
Mesh Topology
Dedicated point-to-point
link to every other nodes
A mesh network with n
nodes has n(n-1)/2 links.
A node has n-1 I/O ports
(links)
Advantages: No traffic
problems, robust,
security, easy fault
identification & isolation
Disadvantages: Difficult
installation/reconfiguratio
n, space, cost
1-6
Star Topology
Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller,
called a hub
Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between
devices
Advantages: Less expensive, robust
Disadvantages: dependency of the whole on one single
point, the hub
1-7
Bus Topology
One long cable that links all nodes
tap, drop line, cable end
limit on the # of devices, distance between nodes
Advantages: Easy installation, cheap
Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation, a
fault or break in the bus stops all transmission
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Ring Topology
Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two nodes on
each sides
One direction, repeater
Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation
Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring
cab disable the entire network
1-9
Hybrid Topology
Example: Main star topology with each branch connecting several
stations in a bus topology
To share the advantages from various topologies
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Categories of Networks
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11
LAN
Usually privately owned
A network for a single office, building, or campus a few
Km
Common LAN topologies: bus, ring, star
An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a
closet
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MAN
Designed to extend to an entire city
Cable TV network, a company’s connected LANs
Owned by a private or a public company
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WAN
Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent,
the world
Enterprise network: A WAN that is owned and used by
one company
1-14
Internetwork
Internetwork (internet) : two or more networks
are connected by internetworking devices
Internetworking devices: router, gateway, etc.
The Internet: a specific worldwide network
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15
Internetwork Example
A heterogeneous network : four WANs and
two LANs
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16
Internet Today
• ISP (Internet service
providers)
• NISP (national ISP)
• NAP (network access
point)
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17
Network Models
1. Layered Tasks
2. The OSI Model
3. Layers in the OSI Model
4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
5. Addressing
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18
Layered Model: Sending a
Letter
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19
OSI Model
• ISO is the organization. OSI is the model
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20
Interaction between layers in the OSI
model
• Layer and interface
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21
An exchange using the OSI
model
• Encapsulation with header and possibly trailer
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22
Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next
Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures
and functions
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Physical Layer:
Responsibilities
Physical characteristics of interfaces and
media
Representation of bits
Data rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration
Physical topology
Transmission mode
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24
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next
Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-
free) link
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Data Link Layer: Duties
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control
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26
Hop-to-Hop Delivery
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Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of packets from the source host to the
destination host
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Network Layer: Duties
Logical addressing and routing
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29
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for delivery
of a message from one process to another
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Transport Layer: Duties
Service-point (port) addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control
Error control
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31
Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a
Message
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Session Layer
Session layer is responsible for dialog control
and synchronization
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Presentation Layer
Presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
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Application Layer
Application layer is responsible for providing
services to the user
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Application Layer: Services
Network virtual terminal
Mail services
File transfer, access, and management
Directory services
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36
Summary of Layers
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TCP/IP and OSI Model
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38
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer
No specific protocol
Network layer
IP(Internet Protocl), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol),
RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message
Protocol), IGMP(Internet Group Message Protocol)
Transport layer
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User
Datagram Protocl), SCTP(Stream Control Transmission
Protocol),
Application Layer
Combined session, presentation, and application layers
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39
Addressing
Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP protocols
Physical (link), logical (IP, network), port, and specific
addresses
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Relationship of Layers and Addresses
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Physical Address
A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node
with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected
by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the
computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and
the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
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Logical (IP) Address
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but
the logical addresses usually remain the same
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Port Address
The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the
logical and port addresses usually remain the same
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Specific Address
Some application have user-friendly addresses that are
designed for that specific address
Example 1: e-mail address: kchung@[Link]
Defines the recipient of an e-mail
Example 2: URL (Universal Resource Locator) :
[Link]
Used to find a document on the WWW
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