TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ( MAGWAY )

Department Of Civil Engineering

STUDY ON PAVEMENT FAILURES AND

MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
2 nd SEMINAR
--- . -- . 2024

Superviosr Presented by
Daw Khaing Thandar Oo Mg Kaung Htet Naing
VIC - 66
 OUTLINES OF PRESENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION 10. CHECKING OVERLAY
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY THICKNESS BY USING AI
METHOD (ASPHALT
3. SCOPES OF THE STUDY
INSTITUTE, 1983)
4. PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE AND
11. GENERAL CAUSES OF
REHABILITATION
PAVEMENT FAILURE
CONSIDERATIONS
12. TYPES OF PAVEMENT
5. LOCATION OF THE STUDY
MAINTENANCE
6. FLOW CHART
13. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
7. METHODOLOGY FAILURES
8. RECOMMENDED TIMING OF 14. WHY PAVEMENT
MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES MAINTENANCE IS
9. BENKELMAN BEAM NECESSARY
DEFLECTION METHOD (IRC:81- 15. TYPES OF PAVEMENT
1997) & (IRC:37-2001) MAINTENANCE
16. PAVEMENT LIFE CYCLE
17. MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS
OUTLINES OF PRESENTATION

18. KYAUKSE – NHAT KA TAUNG ROAD CONDITIONS

19. EXISTING PAVEMENT SURVEY
20. EXISTING PAVEMENT FAILURES
21. COLLECTED DATAS
22. DETERMINATION OF PCI
23. ROAD CHART
24. WHY OVERLAY IS NECESSARY
25. CALCULATION
 ABBREVIATIONS

1. IRC -Indian Road Congress

2. BC -Bituminous Concrete
3. BUSG -Built up Spray Grout
4. CBR -California Bearing Ratio
5. DBM -Dense Bituminous Macadam
6. GB -Granular Base
7. GSB -Granular Sub-Base
8. SDBC -Semi-Dense Bituminous Concrete
9. msa -Million Standard Axles
 Introduction

Road maintenance is the one of the most important

component of the road system.
It involves the assessment of road condition,
diagnosis of the problems and adopting the most
appropriate maintenance step.
Even if the highway are well designed, they may
require maintenance due to its less design life.
Various types of failures occurs in the pavement
which ranges from minor to major distresses.
 Objective of The Study

To preserve the road in its originally constructed condition,

To protect adjacent resources and user safety,
To provide efficient, convenient travel along the route.
 SCOPES OF THE STUDY
 Determining the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) &
Investigate the main causes of Flexible Pavement Failures.
(Manual for Maintenance of Roads; IRC:1989)
 Strengthening of Flexible Road Pavements by using the
Benkelman Beam Deflection Technique (IRC:81-1997)
 Conformity with Guidelines for The Design of Flexible
Pavements (IRC: 37-2001)
 Checking with Effective Thickness Method (Asphalt
Institute,1983)
 Providing Overlay Design
Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation
Considerations
 LOCATION OF
THE STUDY

The study area is Kyaukse – Nhat Ka Taung road in Kyaukse

town, Kyaukse Division, Mandalay Region. This road is
communicated Kyaukse town to Nhat Ka Taung village. Since
2008, Kyaukse – Nhat Ka Taung road was originally
constructed and the constructed pavement width was
[Link] total length of this road is 2.683km & Nhat Ka
Taung village circuit is 0.535km. In this research, the position
of (1.609km – 2.683km) from Kyaukse and Nhat Ka Taung
village circuit is designed. Map of study area is shown below.

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 Map of study area

y B y p as s R o a d
Ky a u k s e Cit
Kyaukse – Nhat Ka Taung Road

0.535km

1.074km
Flow Chart
 METHODOLOGY
Determining the Pavement Condition Index
(PCI) (Manual for Maintenance of Roads;
IRC:1989)
(1) Measurement based on Visual Inspection Only (Table 1)

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(2) Based on Riding Comfort (Table 2)

(3) Based on comfortable Driving Speed possible (Table 3)

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Recommended Timing of Maintenance
Activities

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Table 4 Continue…..
 Strengthening of Flexible Road
Pavements by using the Benkelman
Beam Deflection Technique (IRC:81-
1997)
Existing Pavement Rutting survey ( Table 5)

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Characteristic Deflection

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Computation of Design Traffic

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Design life & Stage Construction (Table 6)

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Vehicle damage factor (Table 7)

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Lane distribution factor (Table 8)

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Moisture correction factor (Fig 1)

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Overlay Thickness Design Curves (Fig 2)

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Conformity with Guidelines for The Design
of Flexible Pavements (IRC: 37-2001)

Pavement thickness chart (Fig 3)

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Recommended Design for Traffic Range (Fig 4)

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 Checking with Effective Thickness
Method (Asphalt Institute,1983)
Effective thickness Method (AI 1983)
Thickness of overlay is the difference between the thickness required for a new
pavement and the effective thickness of the existing pavement.
hOL = hn - he
Where,
hOL = thickness of overlay
hn = thickness of new pavement
he = effective thickness of existing pavement
All thickness of new and existing materials must be converted into an equivalent thickness of AC.

Where,
hi = thickness of layer i
Ci = conversion factor for layer i

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Asphalt Institute Conversation Factors (Table 9)
 General Causes of Pavement Failure
1. Poor soil:- It is the most common problem in the pavement design. The
most common soil problem in the Southeast is a high water table. If not
accounted for at the time of construction, a high water table will erode the
soil and eventually lead to pavement failure.
2. Inferior material quality:- If the material laid on the ground is not good
enough, will be leads to severe defects and failures.
3. Improper geometry:- Due to improper geometry of road, lot of factors
may arise which keeps the pavement deformation.
4. Overloading of vehicles:- A vehicle is said to be heavy loaded when it is
being loaded more than its carrying capacity. Acc. to IRC, the max. wheel
load for standard axle is 80 KN. Due to heavy movement of vehicles or
overloaded vehicles or increase traffic volume, severe distresses takes place.
5. Environmental Factors:- It includes heavy rainfall, soil erosion, high
water table, snow fall, frost action etc.
6. Inadequate drainage:- Due to improper drainage resulting in stagnation of
water in the subgrade which could be the main reason pavement failure in
future.
 Flexible Pavement failures
i. Surface deformation
Corrugations
Rutting
Shoving
Settlement and Upheaval
ii. Cracking
Fatigue Cracking
Transverse Cracking
Longitudinal Cracking
Edge Cracking
iii. Disintegration
Potholes
Patches
iv. Surface defects
Raveling
Bleeding
Alligator Cracks

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Block Cracking

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Longitudinal Cracks

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Transverse Cracks

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Patch

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Potholes

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Edge cracking and Shoulder drop off

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Slippage cracks

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Weathering and Raveling

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Rutting

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Corrugation

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Bleeding

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Frost heaving or Swelling
 Why Pavement Maintenance is Necessary
 Maintenance ensures that the road remains serviceable
throughout its design life. Maintenance is important
because it:
 Prolongs the life of the road by reducing the rate of
deterioration, thereby safeguarding previous investments
in construction and rehabilitation,
 Lowers the cost of operating vehicles on the road by
providing a smooth running surface,
 Improves the reliability of the road allowing it to remain
open for traffic on a continuous basis and thus contributes
to more reliable transport services, and
 Sustains social and economic benefits of improved road
access.
 Types of Pavement Maintenance

Pavement maintenance is the key to pavement

preservation. An effective pavement preservation program
integrates many maintenance strategies and treatments.

There are three types of pavement Maintenance;

1. Preventive Maintenance
2. Corrective Maintenance
3. Emergency Maintenance

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 Preventive Maintenance

Planned strategy of cost-effective treatments to an existing

roadway system and its appurtenances that preserves the
system, retards future deterioration, and maintains or
improves the functional condition of the system (without
increasing the structural capacity). Surface treatments that
are less than two inches in thickness are not considered as
adding structural capacity.

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 Corrective Maintenance
 Performed after a deficiency occurs in the pavement,
such as moderate to severe rutting, raveling or
extensive cracking. This may also be referred to as
“reactive” maintenance.
 Corrective maintenance treatments include: structural
overlays (3 inches or greater), milling, patching and
crack repair.

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 Emergency Maintenance
 Performed during an emergency situation, such as a
blowup or severe pothole that needs repair immediately.
This could also include temporary treatments that hold
the surface together until a more permanent treatment
can be performed.
 When emergency maintenance is needed, some of the
typical considerations for choosing a treatment method
are no longer important. Cost may be the least important
consideration, after safety and time of application are
considered.
 Pavement Life Cycle
All pavement will deteriorate over time. The pavement
life cycle includes how pavements are built, how their
condition changes over time, and how this process can be
affected by different forms of maintenance, rehabilitation
and reconstruction.
Typically, pavement deteriorates at an ever-increasing
rate: at first very few distresses are present and the
pavement stays in relatively good condition, but as it ages
more distresses develop with each distress making it easier
for subsequent distresses to develop.

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Pavement Condition Life Cycle
 Maintenance Operations
1. Road surfaces
2. Shoulders & approaches.
3. Roadsides
4. Traffic controls & safety devices.

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 Maintenance of Road Surfaces
Aggregate road surfaces
Failures due to: improper drainage, poorly mixed materials, inadequate
foundation.
Repairs:
1. Patching
2. Blading
3. Scarifying & resurfacing (when areas to be patched are numerous).
4. Stabilization.
5. Bituminous surface treatment

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 Maintenance of Road Surfaces
Bituminous surfaces
Failures due to: weathering, failure of base or subgrade due to material
quality or compaction or improper drainage.
Repairs:
1. Patching
2. Paint patching
3. Scarifying
4. Resealing.
5. Non skid surface treatment

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 Maintenance of Shoulders &
Approaches
Well graded gravel shoulder : blading to proper slope
and filling ruts or worn out materials.
Turf shoulders: filling holes & ruts, blading, seeding,
mow & clean shoulders (weed control).
Approaches: include public side roads, private
driveways, ramps, speed change lanes, & turnouts.
Approach maintenance is similar to shoulder
maintenance + extra efforts to maintain potholes, ruts,
and other types of deterioration.

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 Maintenance of Roadsides
1. Roadside: include area between traveled surface & the
limit of the right-of-way (medians, roadside parks, right-
of-way fences, picnic tables, ..etc.
2. Vegetation management & control (include mowing,
weed eradication & control, seeding, planting vegetation,
& care of trees & shrubs).
i. Mowing is done to provide sight distance, improve
drainage, reduce fire hazards, & improve appearance
of the roadway.
ii. Seeding & planting vegetation are important for
prevention of erosion.
3. Maintenance of rest areas.
4. Litter control.

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Maintenance of Traffic Control & Safety
Devices
Safety devices:
Guardrails, barriers, impact attenuators,
pedestrian overpasses & underpasses, fence to
restrict access of pedestrians & animals.
Safety devices should be frequently & systematically inspected &
repaired.
Kyaukse – Nhat Ka Taung Road
Conditions

Figure : Damaged surface layer Figure : Damaged surface layer

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Figure : Alligator Cracking Figure : Longitudinal Cracking

Figure : Transverse Cracking Figure : Block Cracking

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Figure : Edge failure or Edge crack Figure : Polished aggregate

Figure : Depression Figure : Potholes

Existing Pavement Survey
Existing Pavement Failures
 COLLECTED DATA
ADT DATA

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AADT DATA IN 2019

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DEFLECTION DATA

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RUTTING SURVEY & RATING
DATA

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LABORATORY TEST DATA
Determination of PCI
Road Chart
 Why Overlay is Necessary
 In this study, the failures and its numbers that are found along the
Kyaukse – Nhat Ka Taung Road by visual investigation. In
Kyaukse – Nhat Ka Taung Road, there are 540 distresses along the
road. Firstly, crackings are found as the most common patterns.
Secondly, potholes are observed as the most common patterns. The
third observed patterns are polished aggregate. A few of edging,
rutting, depression and reveling are found.
 To maintain a pavement effectively, it is essential to know the
causes of failures of the existing road.
 Since 2008, this road was originally constructed and lacked of
routine maintenance.
 PCI rating results and existing pavement rutting survey rating
results are poor (extensive cracking & rutting is greater than 20mm).
So, this road is needed for structural rehabilitation of overlay.
Calculation

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THANK YOU