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Introduction to
Statistics
Prepared By:
Rolando Bayo Jr.
IN
BOFF
NES
History and
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Development of
Statistics
Lesson 1
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Jens Bayo
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Insights
Think Critically
Consider the data on
the right about the
hospitalization rate
profile due to Covid-
19 last July 4, 2020.
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Jens Bayo
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History and Development of Statistics
• The application of statistics
on the data where a certain
natural phenomenon is being
investigated is what we
called Biostatistics.
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BG Background
•It has been said that statistics has been first used in the field
political science such as taxes and insurances, censuses,
longevity and mortality. Such considerations assumed
increasing importance in England. John Graunt (1620-1674)
and William Petty (1623-1687) were early students of vital
statistics and others followed their footsteps.
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• Blaise Pascal and Pierre de
Fermat develop the second
source of modern statistics which
is the mathematical theory of
probability. This engendered by
the interest in games of chance
among the leisure classes of time.
Also, Jacques Bernoulli (1654-
1705) laid the foundation of
modern probability theory in Ars
Conjectadi.
Blaise Pascal Pierre de Fermat
(1623-1662) (1601-1665)
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• Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754), a Frenchman living in
England, was the first to combine the statistics of his day with
probability theory in working out annuity values and to
approximate the important normal distribution through the
expansion of the binomial.
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• The development of statistics
came from the science of
astronomy, in which many
individual observations had to be
digested into a coherent theory.
Many of the famous astronomers
and mathematicians of the
eighteenth century, such as Pierre Pierre Simon Laplace
Simon Laplace (1749-1827) in (1749-1827)
France and Karl Friedrich Gauss
(1777 -1855) in Germany, were
Karl Friedrich Gauss
among the leaders in this field.
(1777 -1855)
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•The earliest important figure in the field of biostatistics was Adolphe
Quetelet (1796-1874), a Belgian astronomer and mathematician, who in his
work combined the theory and practical methods of statistics and applied
them to problems of biology, medicine, and sociology.
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•Francis Galton (1822-1911) has been called the father of biostatistics
and eugenics. The inadequacy of Darwin's genetic theories stimulated
Galton to try to solve the problems of heredity. Galton's major contribution
to biology was his application of statistical methodology to the analysis of
biological variation, particularly through the analysis of variability and
through his study of regression and correlation in biological measurements.
His hope of unravelling the laws of genetics through these procedures was in
vain. He started with the most difficult material and with the wrong
assumptions. However, his methodology has become the foundation for the
application of statistics to biology.
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•Karl Pearson (1857 -1936), at University College, London, became
interested in the application of statistical methods to biology, particularly in
the demonstration of natural selection. Pearson's interest came about
through the influence of W. F. R. Weldon (1860- 1906), a zoologist at the
same institution. Weldon, incidentally, is credited with coining the term
"biometry" for the type of studies he and Pearson pursued. Pearson
continued in the tradition of Galton and laid the foundation for much of
descriptive and correlational statistics.
•The dominant figure in statistics and biometry in the twentieth century has
been Ronald A. Fisher (1890 1962).
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•Biostatistics is the application of statistical methods to the solution of
biological problems (Sokal&Rohlf,2009). Biostatistics is also called
biological statistics or biometry. The importance of statistics in the study of
biological problems is to be able to provide a scientific study of numerical
data based on a natural phenomenon. In other words, every day we are faced
with situations where statistics can be applied not only in biology but almost
the entire phenomenon we faced
•Statistics then can be defined as the science of conducting studies to
collect, organize, summarize, analyse and draw conclusion from the data
(Bluman, 2009).
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•Descriptive statistics is defined to be collecting, summarizing, and
describing data. In descriptive statistics, we are trying to describe a situation.
The data will be then presented using meaningful forms such as graphs, lines
or even tables.
•Inferential statistics includes drawing conclusions and/or making
decisions concerning a population based only on a sample data. In this
statistics, the statistician tries to make inferences from samples to
populations. This means that out from a sample, we need to make a
conclusion that will describe the whole population – thus, inferential
statistics uses the concept of probability (the chance of an event occurring).
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•Population consist of all subjects that are being studied.
•A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population. We
can simply select samples to be included in the study.
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Rolando
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NES
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Launch
IN
BOFF
Thank
You
Prepared by:
Rolando Bayo Jr.