*W01D5:

Function
Project
Jason Kim
 Table of Contents
• Part One: Basic Functions
– Polynomial Functions: Constant, Linear,
Quadratic, Cubic
– Root Functions: Square Root, Cube Root
– Rational Functions: Rational/Reciprocal
– Exponential and Logarithmic Functions:
Exponential, Logarithmic
– Absolute Value Functions
– Greatest Integer Functions
– Trigonometric Functions
• Part Two: 6 Basic Transformations
Part 1: Basic Functions
 Polynomial Functions: Constant & Linear

Constant Function
Linear Function
For this Constant Function, f(x) = 3 (a
Parent Function: f(x) = x random number)
Domain: (−∞,∞)
Range: (−∞,∞)
Zeros: x = 0
Symmetry: Odd Symmetry
Even/Odd: Odd
Continuity: Continuous Everywhere
 Polynomial Functions: Quadratic & Cubic

Quadratic Function Cubic Function

Parent Function: f(x) = x² Parent Function: f(x) = x3
Domain: (−∞,∞) Domain: (−∞,∞)
Range: [0, ∞) Range: (−∞,∞)
Zeros: x = 0 Zeros: x = 0
Symmetry: Even Symmetry Symmetry: Odd Symmetry
Even/Odd: Even Even/Odd: Odd
Continuity: Continuous Everywhere Continuity: Continuous Everywhere
 Root Functions: Square, Cube Root

Square Root Function Cube Root Function

Parent Function: f(x) = √x Parent Function: f(x) = ∛x
Domain: [0,∞) Domain: (−∞,∞)
Range: [0,∞) Range: (−∞,∞)
Zeros: x = 0 Zeros: x = 0
Symmetry: No Symmetry Symmetry: Odd Symmetry
Even/Odd: Neither Even/Odd: Odd
Continuity: Continuous for x≥0 Continuity: Continuous Everywhere
Rational Functions: Rational/Reciprocal

Rational Function
Parent Function: f(x) = ⅟x
Domain: (−∞,0) ∪ (0,∞)
Range: (−∞,0)∪(0,∞)
Zeros: None
Symmetry: Odd Symmetry
Even/Odd: Odd
Continuity: Continuous
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions:
Exponential
f(x) = 2x f(x) = -
2x

Exponential Function
Parent Function: f(x) = ax (a≠1)
Domain: (−∞,∞)
Range:
If a>0, (0,∞)
If a<0, (0,-∞)
f(x) = 0.5x Zeros: None f(x) = -
Symmetry: No Symmetry 0.5x
Even/Odd: Neither
Continuity: Continuous Everywhere
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions:
Logarithmic Function
f(x) = log10x

Logarithmic Function
Parent Function: f(x) = logb(x)
Domain: (0,∞)
Range: (∞, ∞)
Zeros: x=1
Symmetry: No Symmetry
Even/Odd: Neither
Continuity: Continuous on (0,∞)
Absolute Value Functions

Absolute Value Function

Parent Function: f(x) = ∣x∣
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: [0, ∞)
Zeros: x = 0
Symmetry: Even Symmetry
Even/Odd: Even
Continuity: Continuous Everywhere
Greatest Integer Functions

Parent Function: f(x) = ⌊x⌋

Domain: (−∞,∞)
Range: All Integers
Zeros: x = [0,1)
Symmetry: No Symmetry
Even/Odd: Neither
Continuity: Discontinuous at Integer
Values
General Form: f(x) = mx + b
Trigonometric Functions: Sine, Cosecant

Cosecant
Sine
Parent Function: f(x) = sin(x) Parent Function: f(x) = csc(x)
Domain: (−∞,∞) Domain: x ≠ nπ (n is an integer)
Range: [−1,1] Range: (−∞,−1]∪[1,∞)
Zeros: x = nπ (n is an integer) Zeros: None
Symmetry: Odd Symmetry Symmetry: Odd Symmetry
Even/Odd: Odd Even/Odd: Odd
Continuity: Continuous Everywhere Continuity: Continuous on its domain
(discontinuous at vertical asymptotes
Trigonometric Functions: Cosine, Secant

Secant
Cosine
Parent Function: f(x) = cos(x) Parent Function: f(x) = sec(x)
Domain: (−∞,∞) Domain: x ≠ π/2 + nπ (n is an integer)
Range: [−1,1] Range: (−∞,−1]∪[1,∞)
Zeros: x = π/2 + nπ (n is an integer) Zeros: None
Symmetry: Even Symmetry Symmetry: Even Symmetry
Even/Odd: Even Even/Odd: Even
Continuity: Continuous Everywhere Continuity: Continuous on its domain
(discontinuous at vertical asymptotes
 Trigonometric Functions: Tangent, Cotangent

Tangent Cotangent
Parent Function: f(x) = tan(x) Parent Function: f(x) = cot(x)
Domain: x ≠ π/2 + nπ Domain: x ≠ nπ (n is an integer)
Range: (−∞, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞)
Zeros: x = nπ (n is an integer) Zeros: π/2 + nπ (n is an integer)
Symmetry: Odd Symmetry Symmetry: Odd Symmetry
Even/Odd: Odd Even/Odd: Odd
Continuity: Continuous on its domain Continuity: Continuous on its domain
(discontinuous at vertical asymptotes (discontinuous at vertical asymptotes
 Part 2: 6 Basic
Transformations
 Horizontal Transformation
Transformation 1: y = f(x-c)
• y = f(x-c) represents a horizontal transformation, the
graph being shifted to the right by c units.
Transformation 2: y = f(x+c)
• y = f(x+c) represents a horizontal transformation, the
graph being shifted to the left by c units.

Example:
If f(x) = x2 , then y = (x-2)2 shifts the parabola 2 units to
the right

f(x) = x2 f(x) = (x-2)2

 Vertical Transformation
Transformation 1: y = f(x) + d
• y = f(x) + d represents a vertical transformation,
the graph being shifted up by d units.
Transformation 2: y = f(x) - d
• y = f(x) - d represents a vertical transformation,
the graph being shifted down by d units.

Example:
If f(x)=x2, then y=x2+3 shifts the parabola 3 units
up
f(x) = x
2
f(x) = x2 +3
 Reflection
Transformation 1: y = -f(x)
• y = -f(x) represents a reflection over the x-axis,
the y-values of the function being negated.
Transformation 2: y = f(-x)
• y = f(-x) represents a reflection over the y-axis,
the x-values of the function being negated.

Example:
If f(x)=x2, then y=-x2 reflects it over the x-axis
f(x) = x2 f(x) = -x2
 Horizontal Scaling
Transformation: y = f(ax) where a>1 or 0<a<1
• For a>1: The function is compressed horizontally
by a factor of a
• For 0<a<1: The function is stretched horizontally
by a factor of 1/a

Example:
If f(x) = x2 and a=3, then y=(3x)2=9x2 compresses
the parabola horizontally by a factor of 3.
f(x) = x2 f(x) = (3x)2
 Vertical Scaling
Transformation: y = bf(x) where b>1 or 0<b<1
• For b>1: The function is stretched vertically by a
factor of b
• For 0<b<1: The function is compressed vertically
by a factor of 1/b

Example:
If f(x) = x2 and b=2, then y=2x2 stretches the
f(x) = x2parabola vertically. f(x) = 2x2
 General Transformation
Transformation: y = ∣f(x)∣
• This transformation takes the absolute value of the function f(x).
Graph of y = ∣f(x)∣:
● Positive Outputs: Where f(x)≥0, the graph of y = ∣f(x)∣ is the
same as the graph of y=f(x).
● Negative Outputs: Where f(x)<0, the graph of y = ∣f(x)∣ is a
reflection of the negative part of f(x) across the x-axis.
Example:
If f(x)=x2-4, this transformation takes -2<x<2 values and reflects it
so that for those values, the function is f(x) = -x 2 +4

f(x) = x2-4 f(x) = ∣x2-

4∣
Thank You!