Conjunction

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GROUP 4
 Conjunction
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1. What are conjunctions?

2. What are the kinds of conjunctions and

their functions?

3. Sample Sentences and Exercises

1. What are conjunctions?
1. What are conjunctions?

Con (together) + junction (joining)

Conjunctions are form words. They have no

independent meaning of their own and they are used
to connect words, groups of words, clauses and
sentences. This connection is brought about either
by way of coordination or by way of subordination.
1. What are conjunctions?
Con (together) + junction (joining)
Example:

-I like coffee and tea.

-Would you like pizza or pasta for dinner?

-She is not only smart but also very kind.

2. What are the kinds of conjunctions and
their functions?

There are three different kinds of conjunctions

coordinating, subordinating, and correlative-
each serving its own, distinct purpose, but all
working to bring words together
A. What Is a Coordinating Conjunction?

A coordinating conjunction is a word that connects two

or more elements of the same grammatical type
The elements joined by coordinating conjunctions can
be individual words, phrases, or clauses. There are 7
coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS (F – For, A –
and, N – nor, B – but, O – or, Y – yet, S – so).
 .

Conjunction Example
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F – For Explain reason or I go to the park every

purpose (just like Sunday, for I love to watch:
"because") the ducks on the lake.

I go to the park every

Adds one thing to
A – And Sunday to watch the ducks
another
on the lake and the shirtless
men playing soccer.
 .

Conjunction Example
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N – Nor Used to present an I don't go for the fresh
alternative negative idea air nor really for the
to an already stirred ducks. Honestly, I just
negative idea. like the soccer
The soccer in the park is
B – But Shows contrast.
entertaining in the winter,
but it's better in the heat of
summer.
 .

Conjunction Example
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Presents an
The men play on
O – Or alternative or a
teams: shirts or skins.
choice.
Introduces a contrasting I always take a book
idea that follows the to read, yet I never
Y – Yet
preceding idea logically seem to turn a single
(similar to "but") page
 .

Conjunction Example
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I've started dating one of the
S – So Indicates effect, result
soccer players, so now I
or consequence.
have an excuse to watch the
game each week.
B . What Is a Subordinating
Conjunction?
A subordinating conjunction always introduces a
dependent clause, tying it to an independent clause.
In contrast to coordinating conjunctions, a
subordinate conjunction can often come first in a
sentence. This is due simply to the nature of the
relationship between the dependent and the
independent clause.
 B . What Is a Subordinating
Conjunction?
In English, there are lots of subordinating conjunctions,
but the most common ones are "after" "although", "as",
"because", "before", "how", "if", "once", "since", "than"
"that", "though", "until", "when", "where", "whether", and
"while."
Here are a few examples of how
subordinating conjunctions are used.

-The Subordinative conjunction (or Subordinators)

connect subordinate clause(s) with the clause on which
it (they) depends
Example:

"Because of you, I never stray too far from the

sidewalk" (Kelly Clarkson)

"If you leave me now, you'll take away the biggest part
of me" (Peter Cetera/Chicago).

"I guess I'll never be the same since I fell for you" (B.B.
King).
-The subordinative conjunctions can be used to
introduce: subject, predicative and object clauses:
That- If- Whether.

Ex: Whether he will come on or not remains

undecided.
I don’t know that you have told the truth.
List of Subordinating Conjunctions and what
they can be used for

* Place: where, wherever

Ex: You can go where you like

List of Subordinating Conjunctions and what
they can be used for

*Time: when, whenever, while, after, before, since, till,

until, once, now, as soon as, as long as.

Ex: "As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I

take a look at my life and realize there's nothing left"
(Coolio).
She asked me to call her as soon as I got off the bus.
List of Subordinating Conjunctions and what they
can be used for

*Reason: because, as , since, for, although, though, to, in

order to, so as to.

Ex: Since you object. I will never go out with you

List of Subordinating Conjunctions and what they
can be used for

*Similarity and contrast: as, than, whereas, while

Example:

-Do it as I told you.

-He spoke as if he were a general

List of Subordinating Conjunctions and what they
can be used for

*Condition: if, unless, provided

Ex: You will be well again soon if you take this medicine
three times a day.

*Result: so… that, such… that, that, etc.

Ex: It was so cold that we couldn’t go out.
It gave her such a great shock that she turned white
List of Subordinating Conjunctions and what
they can be used for

*Purpose: in order that, so that, that, lest, etc.

Ex: I’ll ring you again lest you should forget to come

*Comparison: as, as…as, not…as, than, as if. as

though,etc.
Ex: Do it as I told you
He spoke as if he were a general.
 Conjunction Example
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And is used to join words
or sentences that show a a) I have a pencil and eraser
similar idea

But is used to join two

b) He fell into the drain but
ideas that are
was not hurt
opposites
 Conjunction Example
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Because is used to show a) I did not go swimming
reason because it was raining.

So is used to show
b) She studied hard, so she
result
passed the test
 Conjunction Example
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a) Do you
Or is used to show a
prefer
choice
tea or coffee?

If is used to show b) If you see Darus, tell

condition him
that Mrs Tan
wants to see him
 Conjunction Example
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Although is used to a) Although she was sick,
show two opposite she still went to school
statements.
In many cases , conjunction “that” and interrogative words
can be used as subordinative conjunctions when they
begin the subordinate clause.

Example:
Please tell me how long I’ll have to wait
I think that everything will become normal.
• In English, many conjunctions, adverbs and
prepositions are homonymous. When we study, we
should make a distinction among them. They are such
words as: since, after, before, for.

Ex: She has been with us since she arrived here

She has been with us since her arrival.
C . What Are Correlative Conjunctions?

They include pairs like "both/and," "whether/or," "either/or,"

"neither/nor," "not/but" and "not only/but also."

Example:
1. I either want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate.
C . What Are Correlative Conjunctions?

Example:
2. I'll have both the cheesecake and the frozen hot
chocolate.
3.I didn't know whether you'd want the cheesecake or the
frozen hot chocolate, so I got you both.
4. Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the frozen hot
chocolate? No problem.

5. I'll eat them both not only the cheesecake but also the
frozen hot chocolate.

6. I see you're in the mood not for dessert hut appetizers. I'll
help you with those too.
Example:
Incorrect: Either you must accept the terms or withdraw
from the race.

Correct: You must either accept the terms or withdraw from

the race.
What is wrong with the first sentence?

Answer: Each term of a pair of correlative conjunctions

governs a specific verb. In the incorrect sentence, Either'
is too far from the verb it governs, 'accept.
What is wrong with the first sentence?

This has been rectified in the correct version, so that it is

clear that a choice is being offered between accepting or
withdrawing.
-> Rule of thumb: keep the correlative conjunction term
close to the verb it governs in the sentence
3. Sample Sentences and
Exercises
1. She was cleaning the floor……………..her father was
reading the newspaper.
a. when b. after c. before d. while

2. She's not only beautiful_________ intelligent.

a. but also b. but c. however d. yet
3. Sample Sentences and Exercises

1. She was cleaning the floor……………..her father was

reading the newspaper.
a. when b. after c. before d. while

2. She's not only beautiful_________ intelligent.

a. but also b. but c. however d. yet
3. Sample Sentences and
Exercises
3. Everyone thought she would accept the offer_______,
she turned it down.
a. However b. So c. Too d. Moreover

4. It was cloudy. _______, the photos came out very bad.

a. Result b. As a result c. However d. But
3. Sample Sentences and Exercises

3. Everyone thought she would accept the offer_______,

she turned it down.
a. However b. So c. Too d. Moreover

4. It was cloudy. _______, the photos came out very bad.

a. Result b. As a result c. However d. But
3. Sample Sentences and
Exercises

5. We're going to buy a special ticket_______ we can go

anywhere we like on the way.
a. as if b. since c. in order d. so that
3. Sample Sentences and
Exercises
5. We're going to buy a special ticket_______ we can go
anywhere we like on the way.
a. as if b. since c. in order d. so that
 Exercises

1. Sally invited me to her party last weekend_________, I

had to tell her I couldn’t come.

2. ____________ we hadn’t eaten for over 12 hours, we

weren’t hungry.

3. It is not _______ 3pm that he got home.

 Exercise
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However I
1. Sally invited me to her party last weekend_________,
had to tell her I couldn’t come.

Even
2. ____________ we hadn’t eaten for over 12 hours, we weren’t
hungry.
though

Until 3pm that he got home.

3. It is not _______
 Exercises

4. Do you want some burger _______ hot dog?

5. My father has passed out ___________his son has bad

results.

6. Honda makes cars __________motorbikes.

 Exercises

4. Do you want some burger _______

or hot dog?

5. My father has passed out ___________his

becaus son has bad
results. e

as well as
6. Honda makes cars __________motorbikes.
 Exercises

7. They have a lot of difficulties in their life

___________their poverty.

8. Many people believe him __________ he often tells a lie.

9. ___________her poorness, she feels happy

 Exercises

7. They have a lot of difficulties in their life

In spite
___________their poverty.
of
although he often tells a lie.
8. Many people believe him __________

In spite
9. ___________her poorness, she feels happy
of
 Exercises

10. Olivia booked a babysitter _______she could go our for

the evening.

11. She'll only do the job_______ you pay her more.

12. How can you expect your children to be truthful_______

you yourself tell lies?
 Exercises

so
10. Olivia booked a babysitter _______she could go our for
the evening. that

i
11. She'll only do the job_______ you pay her more.
f
whe
12. How can you expect your children to be truthful_______
you yourself tell lies? n
1. A: Would you like to drink a cup of tea ________ coffee?
B: Tea, please.
A. and
B. or
C. although
D. but

2. My sister plays volleyball well ________ I do not.

A. and
B. but
C. or
D. although
1. A: Would you like to drink a cup of tea ________ coffee?
B: Tea, please.
A. and
B. or
C. although
D. but

2. My sister plays volleyball well ________ I do not.

A. and
B. but
C. or
D. although
3. Most people like watching comedy ________ it's very
interesting.
A. because
B. so
C. although
D. but

4. _________ Minh likes sport programmes, he watches this animal

programme with his family.
A. Because
B. Although
C. and
D. but
3. Most people like watching comedy ________ it's very interesting.
A. because
B. so
C. although
D. but

4. _________ Minh likes sport programmes, he watches this animal

programme with his family.
A. Because
B. Although
C. and
D. but
5. The film is very interesting. It's both moving ________ funny.
A. and
B. or
C. although
D. but

6. I have to go out ________ I meet my pen pal today.

A. but
B. so
C. because
D. or
5. The film is very interesting. It's both moving ________ funny.
A. and
B. or
C. although
D. but

6. I have to go out ________ I meet my pen pal today.

A. but
B. so
C. because
D. or
7. We decide to stay at home ________ it's raining heavily.
A. though
B. so
C. because
D. but

8. ________ she knows that watching too much TV is a bad

habit, she still watches TV usually.
A. Because
B. Although
C. or
D. but
7. We decide to stay at home ________ it's raining heavily.
A. though
B. so
C. because
D. but

8. ________ she knows that watching too much TV is a bad habit,

she still watches TV usually.
A. Because
B. Although
C. or
D. but
ThankYou
for your
listening !
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