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DLD
Digital Logic
design
Table Of Content
Topics Member
Introduction to DLD & Logic
Gates Muhammad Hanif
Boolean Algebra
and De Morgan Law Yasir Hussain
Design and Analysis
of Combinational Circuits Zakir Hussain
Sequential Circuits and Flip- Muhammad
Flops Nawaz
Advanced
Ghulam Mustafa
Introduction to
Digital Logic
Design
&
Logic Gates
Muhammad Hanif
Digital Logic Design
Digital Logic Design (DLD) is the study and
application of creating digital circuits that process
and manipulate binary information (represented as
0s
It involves
and 1s). the design and implementation of logical
functions and operations using basic components
like
DLDlogic
encompasses
gates etc. the principles, techniques, and
tools used to develop circuits that control, compute,
and store information in digital devices such as
computers, microcontrollers, and other electronic
systems.
Through DLD, we can build and optimize hardware
that performs tasks ranging from simple decision-
making to complex computation and
Logic Gates
Logic Gates are fundamental electronic
components that perform basic logical functions
on one or more binary inputs to produce a single
binary output.
These gates implement elementary operations
like AND, OR, and NOT, which are the building
blocks of digital circuits.
Each type of gate has a specific function and
truth table that defines its behavior based on
input combinations.
By combining multiple logic gates, we can
Types Of Logic Gates
ogic gates can be classified into the following major t
Universal
Basic Logic Derived Logic
Logic
Gates Gates
Gates
AND Gate NAND Gate XOR Gate
OR Gate NOR Gate XNOR Gate
NOT Gate
AND Gate
The AND gate is one of the basic logic gate that
performs the logical multiplication of inputs applied to
it.
It generates a high or logic 1 output, only when all the
inputs applied to it are high or logic 1. Otherwise, the
output of the AND gate is low or logic 0.
Boolean Expression
Y = A.B
Truth Table
Input Output
A B A AND B
0 0 o
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR Gate
The OR gate is one of the basic logic gate.
The primary function of the OR gate is to perform the
logical sum operation.
OR Gate produces a low or logic 0 output only when its
all inputs are low or logic 0.
Boolean Expression
Y = A+B
Truth Table
Input Output
A B A OR B
0 0 o
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT Gate
The NOT gate is another basic logic gate used to
perform compliment of an input signal applied to it.
It takes only one input and one output.
The output of the NOT gate is complement of the input
applied to it.
Therefore, if we apply a low or logic 0 output to the NOT
gate is gives a high or logic 1 output and vice-versa.
The NOT gate is also known as inverter, as it performs the
inversion operation.
Boolean Expression
Y=
Truth Table
Input Output
A A NOT B
0 1
1 0
NOR Gate
The NOR gate is a type of universal logic gate that can
take two or more inputs but one output.
It is basically a combination of two basic logic gates i.e.,
OR gate and NOT gate. Thus, it can be expressed as,
NOR Gate = OR Gate + NOT Gate
A NOR gate gives a high or logic 1 output only when its
all inputs are low or logic 0.
Boolean Expression
Y=
Truth Table
Input Output
A B A NOR B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
NAND Gate
The NAND gate performs the inverted operation of the
AND gate. Similar to NOR gate, the NAND gate can also
have two or more input lines but only one output line.
The NAND gate is also represented as a combination of
two basic logic gates namely, AND gate and NOT gate.
Hence, it can be expressed as
NAND Gate = AND Gate + NOT Gate
NAND gate produces a low or logic 0 output only when
its all inputs are high or logic 1.
Boolean Expression
Y=
Truth Table
Input Output
A B A NAND B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XOR Gate
XOR gate, which is used in digital circuits to
perform modulo sum.
It is also referred to as Exclusive OR gate or Ex-OR
gate.
The XOR gate can take only two inputs at a time and
give an output.
The output of the XOR gate is high or logic 1 only when
its two inputs are dissimilar.
Boolean Expression
Y = A⊕B
Y=
Truth Table
Input Output
A B A XOR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XNOR Gate
It is also called the Ex-NOR or Exclusive NOR gate.
It is a combination of two logic gates namely, XOR
gate and NOT gate. Thus, it can be expressed as,
XNOR Gate = XOR Gate + NOT Gate
The output of an XNOR gate is high or logic 1 when its
both inputs are similar. Otherwise the output is low or
logic 0.
Boolean Expression
Y=A⊙B
Y = AB +
Truth Table
Input Output
A B A XNOR B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Boolean Algebra
&
De Morgan Law
Yasir Hussain
Boolean Algebra
Boolean Algebra
Boolean Algebra
De Morgan Law
De Morgan Law
Design & Analysis
Of
Combinational
Circuits
Zakir Hussain
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMBINATIONAL
CIRCUIT
When logic gates are connected togather to produces a specified output on
certain specified of input variable, with no memory, then it is combinational
circuit.
[Link] a fixed number of inputs (variables).
[Link] logical gates (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) to process the inputs.
[Link] a specifics outputs based on the input and logical operations.
[Link] not store any information (i.e., it has no memory elements like flip-
flops).
[Link] are dependent on the current inputs, not on any previous inputs or
states.
HALF ADDER:
A half adder is a basic circuit that add two binary
digit(bits) and produces two outputs: sum and carry. Also
known as two input two output circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FULL ADDER
A full adder is a combinational circuit that add three
binary digit(bits) and produces two outputs; sum and carry.
Sequential
Circuit
&
Flip Flop
Muhammad Nawaz
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT
Sequential circuit are digital circuit that
depend upon the present input and the
previous state.
• Memory element are required.
• Clock signal is required.
Example of sequential circuit:
.flip flop
. Counter
ADVANTAGE OF SEQUENTIAL
CIRCUIT
•Ability to store and use previous state
information.
•Error detection and correction
•Timing and synchronization
DISADVANTAGE OF
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT
•Complexity
•Timing constraints
•Testing and debugging difficulties
FLIP FLOP
• A flip flop is a fundamental digital circuit that
can store and maintain a binary state (0 or 1).it
is a crucial component in sequential logic and
memory element.
Type of flip flop
. SR flip flop(set-Reset): Has set and reset input
. JK flip flop: Has j and k inputs.
. D flip flop: Has a single input
ADVANTAGE OF FLIP FLOP
• Ability to store and maintain a binary
state.
• Widely used in digital system design
• Essential for sequential logic and
memory element.
DISADVANTAGE OF FLIP
FLOP
• Can be complex to design and analyze .
• Require careful consideration of timing and
synchronization issues.
Advanced
Sequential
Circuit
Design
Ghulam Mustafa
ADVANCED SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT :
COUNTERS :
• Counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of
times a particular event or process has occurred or clock pulses.
• They provide accurate timing and control signals to other devices.
• Counting can be ascending descending or non Linear.
• A Counter having n flipflop , can count 2^n clock pulses/events or process.
TYPES OF COUNTER :
1. SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER :
• A synchronous counter is the counter in which the clock input with all the flip-
flops uses the same source and produces the output at the same time.
• Fast as compared to Asynchronous counter.
• Designing and Implementation is Complex.
TYPES OF COUNTER :
2. ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER :
• Asynchronous counter is the counters whose output doesn't depend on a
single clock signal. There are different clock signals provided to produce the
output called asynchronous counters.
• Slow as compared to synchronous counter.
• Designing and Implementation is easy.
SYNCHROUNOUS COUNTER USING D FLIPFLOP:
Circuit Diagram :
State Diagram :
Tr u t h Ta b l e :
SYNCHROUNOUS COUNTER USING D FLIPFLOP:
Circuit Diagram :
State Diagram :
Tr u t h Ta b l e :
SYNCHROUNOUS COUNTER USING T FLIPFLOP:
Circuit Diagram :
State Diagram :
Tr u t h Ta b l e :
SYNCHROUNOUS COUNTER USING JK FLIPFLOP:
Circuit Diagram :
State Diagram :
Tr u t h Ta b l e :
SHIFT REGISTER:
• Shift register is a group of flip flops used to store
multiple bits of data.
• The bits stored in such registers can be made to move
within the registers and in/out of the registers by
applying clock pulses.
• An n-bit shift register can be formed by connecting n
flip-flops where each flip-flop stores a single bit of data.
• The registers which will shift the bits to the left are
called “shift left registers”.
• The registers which will shift the bits to the right are
called “shift right registers”.
Clocks needed for n-bit shift register
SISO
SIPO
PISO
PIPO
The
End