Research communication
Research process (A quick glance)
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Research process
Eight-step model for carrying out research
Step I: Formulating a research problem
• Reviewing the literature
• Formulating a research problem
• Identifying variables
• Constructing hypotheses
Research process (Cont.)
Step II: Conceptualizing a research design
Step III: Constructing an instrument for data collection
• Selecting a method of data collection
Research process (Cont.)
• Step IV: Selecting a sample
• Step V: Writing a research proposal
• Step VI: Collecting data
• Considering ethical issues in data collection
Research process (Cont.)
• Step VII: Processing and displaying data
• Step VIII: Writing a research report
• Chapter 17: Writing a research report
Research process in 3 Phases: An overview
Phase I II III
Undertaking the
Main Task Deciding WHAT Planning HOW to do research and
to research
Reporting results
Conceptualize a
research design
Collect data
Formulate a Construct an
Operational instrument for data Process and analyze
Steps research the data
problem collection
Select a sample Write a report
Write a proposal
Operational Steps & Required Knowledge
Operational Steps
Field test Required Theoretical Knowledge
Literature
of the
review
tools Required Intermediary Knowledge
Construct
Formulate Conceptualize Select Write Collect Process Write
instrument
research research sample research data data research
for data
problem design proposal report
collection
Variables & Functions • Methods & Sampling Contents Measuring, • Processin Principles
Hypotheses of Study tools theory & of proposal coding & g methods of scientific
designs • Validity & designs recording • Use of writing
reliability techniques computers
of the tools & statistics
Phase I Phase II Phase III
Feed Back in the process
FB FB FB
Construct
Formulate Conceptualize Select Write Collect Process Write
instrument
research research sample research data data research
for data
problem design proposal report
collection
FB
Phase I Phase II Phase III
• The steps overlap rather than following a strictly prescribed sequence
• Previous step predetermines the subsequent step
• At times, later steps generate feed back for previous steps.
Questions
• Write down the eight-step model for carrying out a
research.
• Write down the overview of research process in three
phases.
• Write down the operational steps and required
knowledge for carrying out a research.
Questions
Suggestions
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