STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
PRAYER
Heavenly Father, we are grateful for the infinite
grace You bestowed upon us. Please remove the
discontinuity that may occur in our daily lives
and multiply the seed of Your holiness. Help us
unravel the root of division in this world. Enable
us to solve this problem based on probabilities
and close the distance between Your people. We
ask for Your guidance as we continue to walk on
the coordinates of our path. Lead us on how to
heed Your patterns as we strive to be good
stewards of our nation. Amen.
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
01
Define a continuous 02
Describe the
random variable. properties of a
normal distribution.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
03 Describe the properties of a
standard normal distribution.
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
DEFINITION:
A continuous random variable
has an infinite number of
possible values that can be
represented by an interval on
a number line.
Heights of a
pediatrician’s
three-year-old
patients
DEFINITION:
A normal probability distribution is
a continuous probability
distribution for a random variable
x. The graph of a normal
probability distribution is called
the normal curve.
THE NORMAL CURVE
PROPERTIES
OF A NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
PROPERTY 1:
The mean, median, and mode
are all equal.
PROPERTY 2:
The normal curve is bell-
shaped and is symmetric
about the mean.
PROPERTY 3:
The total area under the
normal curve is equal to 1.
PROPERTY 4:
The normal curve approaches,
but never touches, the x-axis
as it extends farther and
farther away from the mean.
PROPERTY 5:
Between and (in the center of
the curve), the graph curves
downward. The graph curves
upward to the left of
and to the right of .
PROPERTY 5:
The points at which the curve
changes from curving upward
to curving downward are
called infliction points.
1. Which of the normal curve has
a greater mean?
2. Which of the normal curve has
a greater standard deviation?
THE EMPIRICAL
RULE
For data sets with distributions that are
approximately symmetric and bell -
shaped, the standard deviation has these
characteristics.
1. About 68% of the data lie
within 1 standard deviation of
the mean.
2. About 95% of the data lie
within 2 standard deviation of
the mean.
3. About 99.7% of the data lie
within 3 standard deviation of
the mean.
STANDARD
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
DEFINITION:
The normal distribution with a
mean of 0 and standard
deviation of 1 is called the
standard normal distribution.
z - SCORE
𝒙 −𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
Steps in Finding the Area
Under the Normal Curve
1. Convert the value of x to a
z-score
2. Draw a normal curve and shade the
desired area.
2. Use the table on page 60 to find
the area to the left of the z-score.
Example:
Let x be a continuous random
variable that has a normal
distribution with a mean of 50 and
a standard deviation of 10.
Convert the following x values to z
values and find the cumulative
probabilities of these points.
Example:
Let x be a continuous random
variable that is normally
distributed with a mean of 25 and
standard deviation of 4. Find:
Example:
Let x be a normal random variable
with its mean equal to 40 and
standard deviation equal to 5. Find
.
APPLICATION
Find the probability for each
(Assume this is a standard normal
distribution.)
An adult has on average 5.2 liters of
blood. Assume the variable is normally
distributed and has a standard deviation
of 0.3. Find the percentage of people
who have less than 5.4 liters of blood in
their system.
Each month, an American household generates
an average of 28 pounds of recyclable paper
waste. Assume the variable is approximately
normally distributed and the standard deviation
is 2 pounds. If a household is selected at random,
find the probability of its generating
a. Between 27 and 31 pounds per month.
b. More than 30.2 pounds per month.
The average weight of the human male brain is
3.08 pounds. Assume the variable is
approximately normally distributed, and the
population standard deviation is 0.3 pounds. If
50 males are randomly selected, approximately
how many will weigh less than 2.96 pounds?
That in all things,
God may be
glorified.