Concentrations of Solution:
Quantity Really Matters
Prepared by: L. S. Antolin
Science Teacher
Solution: A Review
• Solution: a mixture of two or more substances that is
identical throughout (homogeneous)
• can be physically separated Salt water is
• composed of solutes and solvents considered a
solution. How can it
be physically
separated?
the substance being dissolved
the substance that dissolves the solute
Iced Tea Mix Iced Tea Water
(solute) (solution) (solvent)
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Solution
• The solvent is the largest part of the
solution and the solute is the smallest part
of the solution
S O L V E N T
S O L U T E
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Types of Solutions
Gaseous solutions – air = Oxygen + Nitrogen
Liquid solutions – drinks = mix + water
Solid solutions – alloys = steel, brass, etc
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Concentration
• the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at a
given temperature
• described as dilute if it has a low
concentration of solute dissolved
• described as concentrated if it has
a high concentration of solute
dissolved
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Concentration
• Unsaturated - has a less than the
maximum concentration of solute
dissolved
• Saturated - has the maximum
concentration of solute dissolved (can
see solid in bottom of solution)
• Supersaturated -contains more
dissolved solute than normally
possible (usually requires an increase
in temperature followed by cooling)
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Solubility
• the amount of solute that dissolves in
a certain amount of a solvent at a
given temperature and pressure to
produce a saturated solution
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Factors affecting the Solubility of Solid
Solute
Temperaturee Shaking
increased temperature causes
solids to dissolve faster
Shaking (agitation) causes
solids to dissolve faster
Particle Sizee
Smaller particles dissolve
Faster because they have
more surface area
Note: Increasing the amount of solute
DOES NOT increase the rate of dissolving
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• Miscible liquids can easily dissolve in one
another.
• Immiscible liquids are not soluble in
each other.
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Polarity and Dissolving
• Chemists use the saying
“like dissolves like”:
Polar solutes tend to
dissolve in polar solvents.
Nonpolar solutes tend to
dissolve in nonpolar
solvents.
Oil is nonpolar while water is
polar. They are immiscible.
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Concentrations
• The concentration of a solution can be expressed in
different units.
• Concentration is defined as the amount of solute
dissolved in a given amount of solution.
• The denominator is the total amount of solution, which
includes the amount of IPC-Solutions-Borders
solute.
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Percent by Mass
Percent by Mass/Mass, % (m/m)
• When using % m/m in expressing concentration, it is
important to realize that the mass of
solute + mass of solvent = mass of solution.
• Therefore, in the preparation of these solutions, the mass
of both the solute and the solvent must be determined on a
balance.
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Percent by Mass
• Solutions can also be represented as percent
of solute in a specific mass of solution.
• For a solid dissolved in water, you use percent
by mass which is Mass Percent.
• % by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
**Mass of solution = solute mass + solvent mass
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• This concentration unit can be determined by:
• The unit % (m/m) is often referred to as percent
weight/weight (% wt/wt).
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Sample Problem:
If 8.0 g of glucose is mixed with 42.0 g of water, the
total mass of the solution is 50.0 g (8.0 g + 42.0 g).
The concentration of the resulting solution would be
solved as follows:
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Example 1
• If a solution that has a mass of 800.0
grams contains 20.0 grams of NaCl,
what is the concentration using Percent
by Mass?
% by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
% by mass = 20.0g NaCl x 100
800.0g solution
= 2.50% NaCl
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Example 2
• If 10.0 grams of NaCl is dissolved in
90.0 grams of water, what is the
concentration using Percent by Mass?
% by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
% by mass = 10.0g NaCl x 100 = 10.0%NaCl
100.0g solution
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Example 3
• How many grams of sodium bromide are
in 200.0g of solution that is 15.0%
sodium bromide by mass?
% by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
% by mass = ? g NaBr x 100 = 15.0%NaBr
200.0g solution
g NaBr = 200.0 x 15.0 = 30 g NaBr
100
Percent by Volume
Percent by Volume, % (v/v)
• This unit is typically used when liquids or gases are
the solute.
• For example, a bottle of wine that is 14% (v/v) alcohol
means that 14 mL of alcohol is present in 100 mL of
the wine.
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Percent by Volume
This concentration unit can be determined by:
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Percent by Volume
What is the % volume of NaOH if 20 ml of NaOH are added
to 300 ml of water?
Percent volume = volume of part (solute) x 100
volume of whole (solution)
% volume = 20 ml x 100
(20 ml + 300 ml)
% volume = (20 / 320) x 100
= 6.25% solution
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Percent by Volume
27 ml of ethanol are dissolved in 270 ml of Octane.
What is the % Concentration of Ethanol?
% (V/V) = ____27 ml_____ x 100 = 9.1%
(27 + 270) ml
What is the concentration in % (V/V) if 1.5 ml of Vinegar
Is dissolved in 30 ml of water?
% conc. of vinegar (V/V) = ____1.5 ml___ x 100 = 4.76 %
(1.5 + 30) ml
Note: Vinegar bought at the store is about a 4.76% or 5% solution
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Percent Mass/Volume
Percent Mass/Volume, % (m/v)
• This concentration unit is often used in the
preparation of intravenous fluids. Also known as
percent weight/volume (% w/v).
• For example, a solution of normal saline is 0.9%
(m/v), which means the solution contains 0.90 g
of NaCl in 100 mL of solution.
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Percent by Mass/Volume
This concentration unit can be determined by:
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Thank You!!!
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