205) PRINCIPLES
OF ANIMAL
BIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
& THE 5
KINGDOMS
Imogen Wright
[Link]@[Link]
Lesson objectives:
Understand how to classify different living organisms
Know the major characteristics of reptiles, mammals, fish,
amphibians and birds
Can recount the main features of invertebrates
The 5 kingdoms
• 1) Animalia = animals
• 2) Plantae = plants, trees, flowers etc.
• 3) Fungi = mushrooms, yeast, mould etc.
• 4) Protista = simple eukaryotes e.g. algae
• 5) Monera = bacteria and archaea
Characteristics of the
Animalia Kingdom
• The kingdom Animalia is the most evolved and advanced. It is divided into two groups
– vertebrate and invertebrate. Includes mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates, reptiles &
amphibians.
• These animals are multi-celled, heterotrophic eukaryotes with aerobic respiration,
sexual reproduction and have the ability to move.
• Multicellular = more than one cell makes up the organism
• Heterotrophic = an organism which eats other organisms to gain energy
• Eukaryote = a cell with a membrane-bound nucleus (prokaryotic cells do not have
this)
• Aerobic respiration = where water and carbon dioxide are produced as by-products
of respiration (breathing).
• Sexual reproduction = the combination of genetic information of two individuals of
different sexes to produce offspring.
Characteristics of the
Plantae Kingdom
• Immobile, multi-cellular and eukaryotic.
• Their cells contain cellulose and chlorophyll.
• They are essential for all life on earth, as they release oxygen through
photosynthesis.
• Reproduction may be sexual or asexual.
• Multicellular = more than one cell makes up the organism
• Immobile = they do not have the capacity to move independently.
• Eukaryotic = cells with membrane-bound nuclei
• Asexual reproduction = only one ‘parent’ is required to reproduce. Offspring
produced are exact genetic copies of the parent.
Characteristics of the Fungi
Kingdom
• Includes yeasts, moulds and all species of mushroom/toadstool.
• They are mostly multicellular, aerobic, heterotrophic eukaryotes.
• Singled-celled = yeasts
• They contain chitin in their cell walls and reproduce asexually and sexually.
• Multicellular = more than one cell makes up the organism
• Heterotrophic = an organism which eats other organisms to gain energy
• Eukaryote = a cell with a membrane-bound nucleus (prokaryotic cells do not have this)
• Aerobic respiration = where water and carbon dioxide are produced as by-products of
respiration (breathing).
• Both Asexual and Sexual reproduction = Most species can replicate on their own with one
‘parent’ AND using another as a ‘parent’ for more genetic diversity, however some can only
replicate using either method. In almost all cases the fungi releases a single cell surrounded by
a thick wall for protection called a spore into the environment
Characteristics of the
Protista Kingdom
• Contains organisms which are not deemed to be animals, plants or fungi – such
as protozoa.
• An example is green algae.
• It is heterogenous and live in or around aquatic environments.
• Most are unicellular, and reproduce asexually.
• They are capable of movement.
• Heterogenous = this means that all Protista are very different in characteristic
from one another.
• Unicellular = most protists exist as one independent, single-celled organism.
• Reproduce asexually = can reproduce alone
Characteristics of the
Monera Kingdom
• Refers to microscopic living things, consisting of archaea and bacteria.
• Monera are found in all habitats.
• Monera are made up of single-cells with no defined nucleus.
• Most bacteria are aerobic and heterotrophic, unlike archaea which is
usually anaerobic.
• Aerobic = where water and carbon dioxide are produced as by-
products of this organism’s respiration (breathing). Oxygen is required.
• Anaerobic = does not require oxygen.
• Heterotopic = an organism which eats other organisms to gain energy
What are the 6 groups of animals?
•R _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• F_ _ _
• B_ _ _ _
• A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
• M_ _ _ _ _ _
•I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
What makes a mammal a
mammal?
• Fur, hair, whiskers
• Mammary glands – produce milk for offspring
• Endothermic – produce energy/heat internally
- not unique to mammals!
• 4-chambered heart – not unique to mammals!
• Endoskeleton – their skeletal system is internal
- not unique to mammals!
• Live-bearers – produce live offspring
- apart from two species! Does anyone know who?
What makes a bird a
bird?
• Feathers
• Endothermic – produce energy/heat internally
- not unique to birds!
• Endoskeleton – their skeletal system is internal
- not unique to birds!
• Pneumatic bones – hollow bones connected to the
respiratory system, allowing birds to breathe
• Lay hard-shelled eggs
• Keel bone – provides main attachment for flight muscles
• Gizzard – secondary part of the stomach, for grinding food
What makes a reptile a reptile?
• Endoskeleton – their skeletal system is internal
- not unique to reptiles!
• Ectothermic – the animal’s body temperature
relies on external sources of heat – e.g. the sun
- not unique to reptiles!
• Dry, scaly skin
• Most are egg-laying, but some do give birth to
live young e.g. Blue tongue skinks and Boa constrictors
What makes an
amphibian an amphibian?
• Endoskeleton – their skeletal system is internal
- not unique to amphibians!
• Ectothermic – the animal’s body temperature
relies on external sources of heat – e.g. the sun
- not unique to amphibians!
• Permeable skin – can take in oxygen through the
water
• Live at least one life stage underwater – think
tadpoles
• Moist, scaleless skin
• All adults are carnivores
What makes a fish a
fish?
• Endoskeleton – their skeleton is internal
- not unique to fish!
• Ectothermic - the animal’s body temperature
relies on external sources of heat – e.g. the sun
- not unique to fish!
• Internal gills
• Fins – these help the animal move around underwater
- not unique to fish!
• Swim bladder – enables to fish to maintain depth without
floating/sinking
• Live their entire life underwater
What about invertebrates?
• No internal backbone
• Some have an exoskeleton – a hard covering that protects
the animal – think of a scorpion
• 2 types of digestive system – incomplete or complete
Incomplete refers to just one entrance/exit, complete have
a separate entrance and exit.
• Vary in complexity of their nervous system and
how they move
• Most reproduce sexually
Use of binominal systems
Some other examples…
• Raccoon = Procyon lotor
• Raven = Corvus corax
• Tiger shark = Galeocerdo cuvier
• Leopard gecko = Eublepharis macularius
• Greater crested newt = Triturus cristatus
Recap
WHAT IS ONE CHARACTERISTIC OF A ONE EXAMPLE OF A FEATURE OF A: THE SCIENTIFIC NAME FOR TIGER OR
FUNGI? ANOTHER SPECIES WE’VE COVERED AND
MAMMAL, REPTILE, AMPHIBIAN, FISH, BIRD WHAT EACH PART RELATES TO
AND INVERTEBRATE
• Produce a leaflet which includes:
• The characteristics of the 5 kingdoms
• Major characteristics of mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians and fish
• The major features of invertebrates
• You must use binominal systems (scientific names e.g.
mouse – mus musculus) as well as common names when
labelling species.
Homework
• You can include diagrams, photographs and instructions.
• 2 sides of a4 maximum.
• Can be done on paper or on the computer.
• Please bring to the next lesson on Tuesday 23rd April
Next week...
• Meet at main reception from 17:45 onwards to get your student photo taken &
your lanyard.
• Bring notepads & pens!
• We will meet you there at 18:15