RAJMASH-KING OF NUTRTION

K. Aravind
Msc(Ag) 1st year
• Scientific name - Phaseolus vulgaris L.

• Family - Leguminaceae

• Chromosome number - 2n = 22

• C3 plant, self-pollinated crop, long day plant

Following four species are under cultivation in New World:

• 1. Phaseolus vulgaris – French bean

• 2. P. coccineus – Runner or Scarlet bean

• 3. P. lunatus – Lima bean, Butter bean or Madagascar bean

• 4. P. acutifolius var. latifolius – Tapery bean

• All the given species are diploids with 2n=22 and self-pollinated except P. coccineus, which is
cross-pollinated. French bean, the most important species under Phaseolus, is originated in central
and South America (Kaplen, 1981).

• Other names: Kidney bean, Common bean, Snap bean and French bean
• Three types of French bean

1. Bush/dwarf type – short internode

2. Semi-pole type¬ - longer internode

3. Pole type - longer internode than semi-pole type

• Botanical description

French bean is an annual herb that shows great variation in plant type and form. Plants are erect or
sub-erect, bushy or climbing type, more or less to determinate with short stem, Thc stcm is glabrous
or nearly so, slender, twisted, angled and ribbed. Stipules are small, basifixed. The leaves are
alternate, somewhat hairy, with long petiole. Flowers are white, rose, creamy yellow, pink or violet
and borne on short pedicel. The pods or beans are slender, 10—20 cm long, straight or curved, and
terminate into a prominent beak.
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS

• Both tropical and temperate areas with 60 – 120 cm of rainfall

• Ideal temperature – 15oC - 25oC

SOIL TYPE & FIELD PREPARATION

The crop can be grown in light loamy sand to heavy clay soil under adequate moisture. Rajmash
having bold and hard seed coat needs a good seed bed accomplished by thorough primary tillage like
ploughing, harrowing or discing and planking. A good seed bed have friable but compact soil
adequate moisture and free from weeds and plant debris of earlier crop. Acidic soils of the hills must
be treated with lime before sowing.
IMPROVED HIGH YIELDING HYBRIDS

• Amber – BCMV Resistant

• Utkarsh – cold tolerant

• Arun

• Uday

• VL Rajma 125 – resistant to bacterial blight and root rot resistant

• VL Rajma 63 – resistant to bacterial blight , YMV

• PDR-14

• HUR-15(Malviya Rajma 15)

• HUR-137 (Malviya Rajma 137)

• SOWING TIME

• Kharif (Hills) last week June to first of July; Rabi (Plains) 2nd fortnight of October and for spring
(Lower hills) 2nd fortnight of March.

• SEED RATE & SPACING

• 100-125 kg/ha

• Kharif (Hills) - 45-50 cm x 8-10 cm;

• Rabi & Spring - 40 cm x 10 cm (irrigated); 30 cm x 10 cm (Rain fed)

CROPPING SYSTEM

• In hills, it is grown as intercrop with maize in 1:2 ratios. In-between two rows of maize sown at 90
cm apart, two rows of Rajmash are adjusted at 30 cm spacing with the plant population of 120000
of Rajmash and 40000 of maize.

• In plains it is grown as spring season crop after harvesting of potato and mustard. It is also found
quite compatible for intercropping with early potato due to its high nitrogen requirement and wet
moisture regime in 2:2 or 2:3 row ratios.
INTERCULTURAL OPERATION

• Staking is an important operation for pole types and bamboo sticks or any locally available
materials should be erected when plants start vining. Individual vertical stakes and horizontal
canes at 40 cm distance are erected for encouraging growth and spread of plants.

• Application of plant growth regulators like PCPA (2 ppm) and NAA (5-25 ppm) has favourable
effect on fruit set and yield.
• NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

• Rajmash is very inefficient in biological nitrogen fixation owing to poor nodulation due to non-
availability of suitable and efficient Rhizobium strain for Indian plains. Hence, it requires
relatively higher doses of fertilizer N. For enhanced productivity, application of 90-120 kg N ha-1
has been found optimum. Half of the nitrogen should be applied as basal during sowing and rest
half as top dressing after first irrigation. Rajmash responds well to phosphorus application like
cereals. Its P requirement is distinctly higher than other pulse crops, significant response to P
application has been obtained up to a level of 60-80 kg P2O5 per ha.
WATER MANAGEMENT

• Rajmash is the most irrigation responsive pulse crop due to its shallow root system and high
nutrient requirements. It requires 2 to 3 irrigations in NEPZ and 3 to 4 irrigation in CZ for
achieving highest productivity. Irrigation at 25 days after sowing is most critical followed by
irrigation at 75 days after sowing.

WEED MANAGEMENT

• One hand weeding/hoeing at 30-35 days after sowing or application of a pre-emergence herbicide
like pendimethalin @ 0.75 to 1 kg a.i./ha in 500-600 liters of water immediately after sowing helps
to keep the losses by weeds below ETL (Economic Threshold Level).
 • DISEASE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
DISEASE SYMPTOM MANAGEMENTS
Anthracnose Symptoms Control Measures
Pale brown sunken spots may Seed treated with Carbendazim & Thirum (1:1);
appear on the cotyledons of Spray Mancozeb 0.25 % or Carbendazim 0.1 % of 2-
infected seedlings. Lesions on 3 foliar spray at 45, 60, 75 DAS; Remove from the
leaves are dark brown. They are field and destroy crop debris after harvest; Practise a
restricted to the veins on lower 2 to 3 year rotation; Avoid overhead irrigation; Avoid
leaf surface. On stems, lesions movement of workers in the field when wet
are elongated and sunken.

Stem Blight Small water-soaked spots are Foliar spray of Carbandazim @ 0.2 % is
first symptoms observed on recommended ;
.
leaves & appear within 4 to 10
Early or timely sowing;
days of infection. Develop,
centre spots becomes dry and Planting in well-drained soil;
brown. The lesion is surrounded
Avoid dense planting
by a narrow band of bright
yellow tissue.
Angular leaf spot Fungus produces a grey Seed treated with Carbendazim
mould on the lower surface @2-3 g/kg. of seeds; 3 Foliar
of the spots. Infected pods spray of Carbendazim @0.1%
have brown blotches. The (1 gm/lit.) starting at the
spots may increase in size, appearance (5-6 weeks after
join together, and cause sowing) at 15 days interval;
yellowing and necrosis of
Plough under bean debris after
the affected leaves.
harvest. Practice a 2-3 year
crop rotation without legumes;
Do not work in bean fields
when the plants are wet
PEST AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

PEST SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT

Leaf Miner Severely mined leaves may turn yellow and Spray of Oxydemeton methyl (Metasystox) 1 ml/liter of water
drop. Severely attacked seedlings are stunted and repeat at 15 day interval if required;
.
and may eventually die. It may be seen in
Roughing of infected plants;
vegetative stage.
Handpick & destroy mined leaves; Whenever necessary spray the
crop with neem products; Neem water extracts and neem oil give
good control of leaf miners; Remove and destroy crop residues
and all plant parts with symptoms of damage by bean flies
Stem fly Stem becomes to swell and split and Seed Treated with Chlorphyriphos @8ml/kg seed; Soil
reducing formation of lateral roots. Attacked application by Phorate 10 G @ 10 kg./ha;
plants produce adventitious roots in
Mulch (e.g. with straw and cut grasses) helps conserve moisture,
compensation. Young seedlings and plants
promote adventitious root development and enhances tolerance to
under stress wilt and die.
maggot damage;
Avoid planting beans near cowpea, soybean and many other
leguminous crops, that may be the source of bean flies.
Black Aphids Aphids feed by sucking Bio treat.-Inundative release of
plant sap. Heavily Coccinella septempunctata @
infested plants usually 1000 adult/400 sqm;
have wrinkled leaves, Practice a 2-3 year crop rotation
stunted growth and
without legumes; Spraying the
deformed pods. Plants,
systemic insecticide like
in particular young Dimethoate or Oxydemeton
plants, may dry out and methyl @1 ml/liter of water.
die under heavy aphid
attack.
HARVESTING & THRESHING

• The crop matures in 125-130 days. Plants are cut with sickles after attaining full maturity judged
by severe leaf fall, changing colour of pods and hardness of the grains. Harvested materials after
3-4 days sun drying, is collected in bundles to the threshing floors. Threshing is done by beating
with sticks or trampling under the feet of bullocks. The clean seed should be sun dried for 3-4 days
to bring their moisture content at 9-10%.

YIELD

• A well-managed crop can easily give 20-25qtls/ha yields under irrigated conditions of plain and 5-
10 q /ha under rain fed conditions of hill with 40-50qtls/ha of straw for cattle’s.
• NUTRITIVE VALUE (100 gram)

NUTRIENTS AMOUNT(per 100gm)

Energy 321kcal
Protein 23.6g
Fat 2.3g
Carbohydrate 59.1g
Dietary fibre 15.0g
Iron 7mg
Calcium 287mg
Phosphorus 311mg
Thiamin 0.4mg
Riboflavin 0.2mg
Niacin 1.5mg
• POST-HARVEST PROCESSING OUTLINE OF KIDNEY BEANS (RAJAMA)
Anti-nutritional factors

• Protease inhibitors

• Phytic acid

• Phytohemagglutinin

• Cyanogens

• Saponins

• Anti-vitamin E Factors

• Amylase inhibitor
HEALTH BENEFITS

• Prevents cancer

• Improves brain functions

• High source of protein and fibre

• Help in bone strengthening / prevent osteoporosis

• Prevent bad cholesterol

• Maintains healthy skin

• Prevents Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

• RAJMASH AS CANCER CURE

It has been reported that phenolic acids present in red kidney beans have anticancer characteristic
(Nyau, 2014; Duranti, 2006). They can act as an inhibiting agent and hinder the development of
tumors from initiated stages. They can also suppress cell multiplication in vitro (Scalbert et al.,
2005)
 • Reference

 Dilip kumar Majumdar ;Pulse crop production: principles and technologies

 SR Reedy and [Link] ramu ;Agronomy of field crops