PA 308 - Rural Administration and Development
CLIMATE
CHANGE &
ENVIRONMENT
AL
Contemporary Issues in Rural Administration and
Development
SUSTAINABILIT
ROSE ANNE C. CUADERNO
Y
CLIMATE CHANGE
It refers to a change in the state of the climate that can
be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability
of its properties, and that persists for an extended
period, typical decades or longer.
-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)
CAUSES OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
1) Natural Processes - eg. volcanic eruptions
2) Anthropogenic Activities
• Population increase
• Land use and cover change
• Industrialization
• Technological innovations
• Production Systems
• Greenhouse gas emissions
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY AND
EXTREMES
• Philippines is one of the
countries highly vulnerable to
the impacts of climate related
events.
• It lies in the world's most
cyclone-prone region.
• Annual average number of
typhoon is 19-20.
WORST TYPHOONS IN PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
TYPHOON ONDOY (2009)
WORST TYPHOONS IN PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
SUPERTYPHOON YOLANDA (2013)
WORST TYPHOONS IN PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
TYPHOON GLENDA (2014)
WORST TYPHOONS IN PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
TYPHOON ULYSSES (2020)
CLIMATE
PROJECTIONS
Increased Frequency / Intensity of Extreme
Weather Events
Sea Level Rise
Wetter Wet Season; Drier Dry Season
Increased Temperature
KEY CLIMATE IMPACT
AREAS
Agriculture Coastal Ecosystem
Energy Infrastructure
Human Health Water
AGRICULTURE
• Dominant livelihood for the rural poor
and contributes 12% to GDP.
• Production of staple crops and cash crops
will be negatively impacted by a changing
climate, especially increased
temperatures, which accelerate
evapotranspiration rates and can reduce
yields through heat and water stress.
• Crops loss/failure; soil erosion; increased
pest infestations; rising food prices and
food imports
ENERGY
• Climate change could impact the
Philippine's energy supply, as well as
increase demand.
• Hydropower production, which
contributes 20% to the country's energy
supply, is vulnerable to reduce water
availability from climate change.
• Other critical energy infrastructure is
vulnerable to more intense and frequent
storms.
HUMAN HEALTH
• Health risks from endemic vector and
waterborne diseases are expected to
worsen with a changing and more variable
climate.
• Observed trends from 1992-2005 show
that increases in malaria and dengue are
positively correlated with changes in
temperature.
• Severe cyclones and rain events bring loss
of life and reduced access to health care
system.
• Increased risk of food security and
malnutrition.
WATER RESOURCES
• Climate variability leads to water stress
by reducing the quality and quantity of
available water supplies.
• Increased incidence of floods and
landslids, degrading watershed health and
reducing water quality.
COASTAL ECOSYSTEM
• Climate change threatens the country's
valuable coastal ecosystems and fisheries.
• Loss of reef, seagrass and mangrove
habitat, which support fisheries, reduces
coastal erosion and supports water quality.
• Temperature-induced shifts in adult fish
distributions and reproduction cycles;
decreased fish stocks.
THE URGENCY OF ADDRESSING CLIMATE
CHANGE
As the planet's temperature continues to rise,
we are seeing the devastating effects of
climate change on our environment, our
health, and our economies. As individuals and
as a society, we must take action to address
this crisis and work together to reduce our
impact on the planet.
CLIMATE CHANGE
VULNERABILITY IN RURAL
COMMUNITIES
Vulnerability of an individual, a community or a system to climate change
is determined by three components:
• Exposure = Biophysical impacts of climate change, which can vary in
magnitude, frequency, and duration
• Sensitivity = Degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or
beneficially, by climate variability or change
• Adaptive Capacity = Ability or potential of a system to respond
successfully to climate variability and change
RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND
CLIMATE VULNERABILITY
Rural households tend to rely heavily on climate-sensitive resources
such as local water supplies and agricultural land; climate-sensitive
activities such as arable farming and livestock husbandry; and natural
resources such as fuelwood and wild herbs.
Climate change can reduce the availability of these local natural
resources, limiting the options for rural households that depend on
natural resources for consumption or trade. Land may become less
fertile; fewer reeds may be available for basketmaking; there may be less
local fuelwood for cooking.
Responding to Climate Change
ADAPTATION MITIGATION
Adjustment in natural or human An anthropogenic intervention to
systems in response to actual or reduce the anthropogenic forcing of the
expected climatic stimuli or their climate system; It includes strategies to
effects, which moderates harm or reduce greenhouse gas sources and
exploits beneficial opportunities. emissions and enhancing greenhouse
gas sinks.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
• Adoption of soil and water
conservation measure in agricultural
fields.
• Planting tree species that tolerate
higher temperatures and extreme
weather events.
• Resettlement of communities from
high-risk areas.
• Preserving corridors of forests to
enable wildlife and plant species to
move into suitable climates.
• Building dams or dikes along rivers or
coastal areas.
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
• Increased forest cover through
afforestation and reforestation to
increase carbon sequestration.
• Reduction of CO2 emission produced
by burning of forests during
conversion to agricultural fields.
• Improved forest management practices
to reduce emissions from forest
degradation.
PHILIPPINE CLIMATE CHANGE
FRAMEWORK
VISION
“A climate risk-resilient
Philippines with healthy, safe,
prosperous and self-reliant
communities, and thriving and
productive ecosystems.”
“To build the adaptive
capacity of communities and
increase the resilience of
GOAL
natural ecosystems to climate
change, and optimize
mitigation opportunities
towards sustainable
development.”
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are
the world's time-bound and quantified targets for
addressing extreme poverty in its many
dimensions-income poverty, hunger, disease, lack
of adequate shelter, and exclusion-while
promoting gender equality, education, and
environmental sustainability. They are also basic
human rights-the rights of each person on the
planet to health, education, shelter, and security.
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Under the TARGET 7:
• Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and
programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources.
• Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving a
significant reduction in the rate of loss.
• Halve the proportion of the population
without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation.
• Achieve a significant improvement in the
lives of at least 100M slum dwellers.
BUILDING THE RESILIENCE OF
RURAL COMMUNITIES
• Helping poor rural people adapt to the impacts of climate change and enabling
them to contribute to mitigation is not a task that can be performed by a single
agency alone; it requires cooperation and a coordinated approach.
• Dealing with the inevitable impact of climate change is now high on the
development agenda. By listening to the voices of poor rural people while
planning adaptation and mitigation efforts, we can reduce the risks of climate
change while accelerating progress towards food security and a world without
poverty.
REFERENCES
• IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation
and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to
the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, New York, USA
• [Link]
document/2017_Climate%20Change%20Risk
%20Profile_Philippines.pdf
• [Link]
42089/[Link]
REFERENCES
• [Link]
vulnerabilities-and-migration/
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
National%20Framework%20Strategy%20on%20Climate
%[Link]