Class XII Chemistry
Unit 4
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical Kinetics helps us to understand how chemical reactions occur
By:- Vijay Kumar Sethi
Instantaneous and average rate of a reaction
Integrated Rate Equations:-
Zero Order Reactions:-rate of the reaction is proportional to zero power of the concentration of reactants.
Consider the reaction, R → P
Integrating both sides
[R] = – k t + I where, I is the constant of integration
At t = 0, the concentration of the reactant R = [R] 0, where [R]0 is initial concentration of the reactant.
[R]0 = –k × 0 + I
[R]0 = I
[R] = -kt + [R]0
[R] = -kt + [R]0 compare with equation of a straight line, y = mx +
c,
if we plot [R] against t, we get a straight line with slope = –k and
intercept equal to [R]0.
Integrated Rate Equations:-
First Order Reactions:-the rate of the reaction is proportional to the first power of the
concentration of the reactant R.
R→P
Integrating this equation, we get ln [R] = – kt + I I is the constant of integration
t = 0, R = [R]0, where [R]0 is the initial concentration of the reactant.
ln [R]0 = –k × 0 + I
ln [R]0 = I
ln[R] = -kt + ln[R]0
ln[R] = -kt + ln[R]0
Comparing with y = mx + c,
if we plot ln [R] against t we get a straight line
with slope = –k and intercept equal to ln [R]0
Half-Life of a Reaction:-
The half-life of a reaction is the time in which the concentration of a reactant is
reduced to one half of its initial concentration. It is represented as .
for Zero Order Reaction:- integrated Rate equation for zero order is
At t = , R=
The rate constant at becomes
for a zero order reaction is directly proportional to the initial concentration of the
reactants and inversely proportional to the rate constant.
for First Order Reaction:- Integrated rate equation for First order
At t = , R=
It can be seen that for a first order reaction, half-life period is constant, i.e., it is independent of
initial concentration of the reacting species
Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction:-
• The temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction can be accurately explained by
Arrhenius equation
where A = the Arrhenius factor or the frequency factor or pre-exponential factor.
R = gas constant and
= activation energy measured in joules/mole .
Taking natural logarithm of both sides of equation
The plot of ln k vs 1/T gives a straight line