AREA EXPANSIVITY
EXAMPLES AND SOLVED PROBLEMS
GROUP 2 MEMBERS
• AFOLABI HABEEB MACHALA
• LAWAL BALQEES ADEOLA
• ONUORA NGOZICHUKWUKA DORATHY
• AKINSANYA OLUMIDE
• FASHINA OLUWATONI
WHAT IS AREA EXPANSIVITY?
• Area expansivity is the increase in area per unit area of a substance for every one degree Celsius/
kelvin rise in temperature.
• UNIT OF AREA EXPANSIVITY:
• The unit of area expansivity is per degree Celsius (°C ⅃−¹) or per kelvin ( K−¹ )
• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINEAR AND AREA EXPANSIVITY:
• Area expansivity = 2 * Linear expansivity
• ß=2*∝
FORMULA FOR CALCULATING AREA
EXPANSIVITY
• Area expansivity ß = ∆ Area / ( original area* ∆θ )
• Area expansivity ß = change in area / ( original area* temperature change)
• Area expansivity ß = increase in area / ( original area * temperature change )
• Area expansivity ß = ( final area - initial area ) / ( original area * temperature change)
• Area expansivity ß = ( A₂ - A₁ ) / ( A ₁ * ( θ₂ - θ₁ ) )
• ß = ( A₂ - A₁ ) / ( A₁ *∆θ )
• ß * A₁ *∆θ = A₂ - A₁
• ß * A₁ *∆θ + A₁ = A₂ ( Collect like terms together )
• A₁ ( ß *∆θ + 1 ) = A₂ ( factorize A₁ )
• ß *∆θ + 1 = A₂ / A₁
MEANING OF PARAMETERS
• A₁ is the initial or original area of the object at temperature θ ₁
• A₂ is the final area or new area at temperature θ ₂
• ∆θ = θ₂ - θ₁. It is called temperature change or change in temperature.
• ß Is the area expansivity or superficial expansivity of the material. Its unit is per kelvin.
DERIVTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
AREA EXPANSIVITY AND LINEAR EXPANSIVITY
• Let us consider a sheet of metal of length l and breadth b. Let the initial length be l ₁ and the initial breadth be b ₁. Let the
final length be l₂ and the final breadth be b ₂ after the metal is heated through a temperature change of θ.
• Let the initial area of the metal be A ₁ = l ₁*b ₁
• Let the final area of the metal be A ₂ = l ₂*b ₂
• Then,
• From the formula of linear expansivity ,
• l₂ = l₁ (∝∆θ + 1 )
• b₂ = b₁ (∝∆θ + 1 )
• Recall that Area = l * b.
Therefore,
A₁ = l₁*b₁
A₂ = l₂*b₂ .
A₂ =l₁ (∝∆θ + 1 ) * b₁ (∝∆θ + 1 )
A₂ = l₁* b₁ (∝∆θ + 1 ) * (∝∆θ + 1 )
A₂ = l₁* b₁ ((∝∆θ * (∝∆θ + 1 ) + 1 * (∝∆θ + 1 ) )
Let us open the brackets, then we will get,
A₂ = l₁* b₁ (∝²(∆θ)² + ∝∆θ + ∝∆θ + 1 )
A₂ = l₁* b₁ (∝²(∆θ)² + 2∝∆θ +1 )
A₂ = A₁(∝²(∆θ)² + 2∝∆θ + 1 )
Recall that ,
A₂ = A₁ ( ß *∆θ + 1 )
Let us substitute for A₂ in the formula above. Then we will get,
A₁ ( ß *∆θ + 1 ) = A₁(∝²(∆θ)² + 2∝∆θ + 1 )
ß *∆θ + 1 = ∝²(∆θ)² + 2∝∆θ + 1 ( A₁ canceled A₁and the
brackets are removed )
ß *∆θ = ∝²(∆θ)² + 2∝∆θ ( 1 cancelled 1 )
FINAL NOTES
• At this point, ∝tends to zero because its value is from 0.0000... Upward. Therefore, ∝² is approximately
zero. I.e. ∝² = 0.
• Therefore, we will put zero in the place of ∝²,then we will get,
• ß *∆θ = 0 * (∆θ)² + 2∝∆θ
• ß *∆θ = 0 + 2∝∆θ ( anything multiply by zero is zero )
• ß *∆θ = 2∝∆θ
• ß = 2∝ ( ∆θ cancelled ∆θ )
• Which shows that,
• Area expansivity = 2 times Linear expansivity
EXAMPLES
• 1. At 20oC, the length of a sheet of steel is 50 cm and the width is 30 cm. If the coefficient
of linear expansion for steel is 10-5 oC-1, determine the change In area and the final area at
60Oc
Known :
The initial temperature (T1) = 20oC
The final temperature (T2) = 60oC
The change in temperature (ΔT) = 60oC – 20oC = 40oC
The initial area (A1) = length x width = 50 cm x 30 cm = 1500 cm 2
The coefficient of linear expansion for steel (α) = 10 -5 oC-1
The coefficient of area expansion for steel (β) = 2α = 2 x 10-5 oC-1
Wanted : The change in area (ΔA)
SOLUTION
• The change in area (ΔA) :
• ΔA = β A1 ΔT
• ΔA = (2 x 10-5 oC-1)(1500 cm2)(40oC)
• ΔA = (80 x 10-5)(1500 cm2)
ΔA = 120,000 x 10-5 cm2
ΔA = 1.2 x 105 x 10-5 cm2
ΔA = 1.2 cm2
The final area (A2) :
A2 = A1 + ΔA
A2 = 1500 cm2 + 1.2 cm2
A2 = 1501.2 cm2
EXAMPLE 2
• 2. At 30oC, the area of a sheet of aluminum is 40 cm2 and the coefficient of linear
expansion is 24 x 10-6 /oC. Determine the final temperature if the final area is 40.2 cm 2.
Known :
The initial temperature (T1) = 30oC
The coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 24 x 10 -6 oC-1
The coefficient of area expansion (β) = 2a = 2 x 24 x 10 -6 oC-1 =
48 x 10-6 oC-1
The initial area (A1) = 40 cm2
The final area (A2) = 40.2 cm2
The change in area (ΔA) = 40.2 cm2 – 40 cm2 = 0.2 cm2
Wanted : Determine the final temperature (T2)
SOLUTION
Formula of the change in area (ΔA) :
ΔA = β A1 ΔT
The final temperature (T2) :
ΔA = β A1 (T2 – T1)
0.2 cm2 = (48 x 10-6 oC-1)(40 cm2)(T2 – 30oC)
0.2 = (1920 x 10-6)(T2 – 30)
0.2 = (1.920 x 10-3)(T2 – 30)
0.2 = (2 x 10-3)(T2 – 30)
0.2 / (2 x 10-3) = T2 – 30
0.1 x 103 = T2 – 30
1 x 102 = T2 – 30
100 = T2 – 30
100 + 30 = T2
T2 = 130
The final temperature = 130oC
EXAMPLE 3
• 3. The radius of a ring at 20 oC is 20 cm. If the final radius at 100 oC is 20.5 cm, determine
the coefficient of area expansion and the coefficient of linear expansion…
Known :
The initial temperature (T1) = 30oC
The final temperature (T2) = 100oC
The change in temperature (ΔT) = 100oC – 30oC = 70oC
The initial radius (r1) = 20 cm
The final radius (r2) = 20.5 cm
Wanted : The coefficient of area expansion (β)
SOLUTION
The initial area (A1) = π r12 = (3.14)(20 cm) 2 = (3.14)(400 cm2)
= 1256 cm2
The final area (A2) = π r22 = (3.14)(20.5 cm) 2 = (3.14)(420.25
cm2) = 1319.585 cm2
The change in area (ΔA) = 1319.585 cm2 – 1256 cm2 = 63.585
cm2
Formula of the change in area (ΔA) :
ΔA = β A1 ΔT
The coefficient of area expansion :
ΔA = β A1 ΔT
63.585 cm2 = b (1256 cm2)(70oC)
63.585 = b (87,920oC)
β = 63.585 / 87,920oC
β = 0.00072 /oC
β = 7.2 x 10-4 /oC
β = 7.2 x 10-4 oC-1
The coefficient of linear expansion (α) :
β=2α
α=β/2
α = (7.2 x 10-4) / 2
α = 3.6 x 10-4 oC-1
ASSIGNMENT
• 4. A sheet of steel at 20oC has size as shown in the figure below. If the coefficient of linear
expansion for steel is 10-5 oC-1 then what is the change in the area at 60oC.
Known :
Length of steel = 40 cm Thermal expansion - problems and
solutions 1
Width of steel = 20 cm
The initial of steel’s area (Ao) = (40)(20) = 800 cm 2
The coefficient of linear expansion (α) = 10 -5 oC-1
The coefficient of area expansion (β) = 2 x coefficient of linear
expansion (2α) = 2 x 10-5 oC-1
The change in temperature (ΔT) = 60oC – 20oC = 40oC
Wanted : The change in area at 60oC
Solution :
Equation of area expansion :
ΔA = β Ao ΔT
ΔA = the increase in area of steel, β = The coefficient of area
expansion, Ao = initial area, ΔT = the change in temperature =
final temperature – initial temperature
The increase in area of steel :
ΔA = β Ao ΔT
ΔA = (2 x 10-5)(800)(40) = 0.64 cm
