Digital Logic Design
Arithmetic Operations Using Complement
Complement in Binary Number
System
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Complement in Binary Number
System
There are two types of complements in binary
number system
1. 1’s complement
2. 2’s complement
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1’s complement
All bits are reversed in original number
Example#1
Original Number: 101011
1’s complement of 101011 = 010100
Example#2
Original Number: 1100110
1’s complement of 1100110 = 0011001
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2’s complement
Add 1 in 1’s complement
Example#1
Original Number: 101011
1’s complement of 101011 = 010100
2’s complement of 101011 = 010100 + 1 = 010101
Example#2
Original Number: 1100110
1’s complement of 1100110 = 0011001
2’s complement of 1100110 = 0011001 + 1 = 11010
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Difference between 1’s and
2’s complement
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Difference between 1’s and 2’s
complement
1’s complement is calculated by reversing all
bits of given number
If add 1 into 1’s complement, then 2’s
complement will be calculated
If subtract 1 from 2’s complement, then 1’s
complement will be calculated from 2’s
complement.
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Calculation of 1’s
complement from 2’s
complement
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Calculation of 1’s complement from 2’s
complement
Subtract 1 from 2’s complement to get 1’s
complement. 780 – 1 =
Example#1
2’s complement of 1100110 = 11010
1’s complement of 1100110 = 11010 – 1 = 11001
Example#2
2’s complement of 1011 = 0101
1’s complement of 1011 = 101 – 1 = 100
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Calculation of 2’s
complement without 1’s
complement
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Calculation of 2’s complement without 1’s
complement
Leave 1st non-zero Least Significant Bits
(LSB) as it is and reverse all remaining bits
Example#1
2’s complement of 1100110 = 0011010
Example#2
2’s complement of 1011 = 0101
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Importance of Complements
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Importance of Complements
Almost all computer-operation are based on
arithmetic operations.
There are four basic arithmetic operations.
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
Computer can do all arithmetic operations by
using only addition. This can only be done by
using complements.
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Arithmetic Operations
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Arithmetic Operations
There are four basic arithmetic operations.
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
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Arithmetic Operations
(Addition)
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Addition
Add bits of given numbers and add carry to
next Most Significant Bit (MSB) if it exists.
Example#1: addition of 1010 and 1010
1010
1010
10100
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Addition
Example#2: addition of 1110 and 1010
1110
1010
11000
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Addition
Example#3: addition of 1110, 1010 and 1100
1110 1110
1010 1010
11000 1100
1100 100100
100100
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Arithmetic Operations
(Subtraction)
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Subtraction using 2’s complement
Example#1: Subtraction between of 1011 and 101
1001 1001 1001
-101 -0101 +1011
10100
Answer: 100
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Subtraction using 2’s complement
Example#1: Subtraction between of 1011 and 101
101 0101 0101
-1001 -1001 +0111
1100
Answer: -100
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Arithmetic Operations
(Multiplication)
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Multiplication
Multiplication of 1011 and 101
1001
1001
101
101
1001
00000
100100
101101
Answer: 101101
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Arithmetic Operations
(Division)
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Division
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