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Transmission
Equipment
ZTE Corporation
 DWDM Background
• The capacity expansion over TDM is more and
more close to the limitation the technology can
afford;
• The high chromatic dispersion of laid G.652 optical
fiber restricts the transmission of systems over
10Gbit/s;
• The fast development of optical devices, esp. the
large scale commercialization of EDFA, brought
quick use of DWDM;
• From both technical and economic aspects,
DWDM is the most cost-effective capacity
expansion technology at present.

2
 What is DWDM?
• DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
• The wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM) multiplexes several or dozens of
optical signals with different wavelength
and transmits them in a same fiber. Each
optical path carries an SDH or other signal.

3
 DWDM Structure
Optical Transmitter Optical Trunk Amplification Optical Receiver

Optical Demultiplexer
Optical Multiplexer
Channel 1 Optical λ1
Optical λ1 Channel 1
Repeater
Repeater 11 Receiving
Receiving 11
Input ┇ BA LA PA ┇ Output
Channel N λn λs λs λs λs λn Channel N
Optical
Optical Receiving
Receiving nn
Repeater
Repeater nn

Optical Monitoring
Channel
Optical Monitoring R/T Optical Monitoring
Channel Transmitter Channel Receiver

Network
Management
System

4
 DWDM Principle
f1 Rm1
TX1 SD1 R1 RX1
S1
MPI-S MPI-R
f2 Rm2 OM OD
OA SD2 R2
TX2 S2 / / RX2
R S
OA OA
Rm
fn SDn Rn
TXn n RXn
Sn
OSC
R1 SD1 f1
RX1 TX1
S1
R2 SD2 OD OM f2
RX2 S R TX2
/ OA / S2
OA OA
MPI-R MPI-S
Rn SDn fn
RXn TXn
Sn

5
 DWDM Characteristics
• Super-large capacity transmission
• Saving the fiber resources
• Transparent transmission of each path
and smooth scaling and expansion
• Super-long distance transmission
based on EDFA technology
• No special requirement on fiber
chromatic dispersion
• Basis of future optical network

6
DWDM’s Position in Network
• Everything over DWDM
IP
IP

SDH ATM IP Others

Others
ATM SDH ATM IP
ATM

SDH Open
OpenOptical
Optical Interface
Interface
SDH

DWDM
DWDM
Optical
OpticalFiber
FiberPhysical
PhysicalLayer
Layer

7
 DWDM Evolution
4. Optical
OTM OTM network
1. DWDM P2P with OXC
Transmission System

OTM OADM.
OTM
2. Fixed Wavelength
OADM for wavelength
adding/dropping

3. Variable
Wavelength
OADM. OADM for
ring network

8
DWDM Network Elements

OTM OADM

2
1

OLA

3 4

9
DWDM Operating Wavelength
• WDM Operating wavelength:
C waveband & L waveband
– C waveband coverage: 1528-1561nm
– L waveband coverage: 1577-1603nm
• As G.692 required, the channel
distance is an integral multiple of
100GHZ (about 0.8nm).

10
 Channel Distance

• Rated frequency difference

between two adjacent
multiplexer channels
• As G.692 required, the channel
distance is an integral multiple
of 100GHZ.

11
 Rated Axis Frequency
• Rated Axis Frequency is the central
wavelength (frequency) of each multiplexer
channel in a WDM system.
S.N. Operating Frequency (THz) Operating Wavelength (nm)

12
 Axis Frequency Deviation

• Deviation between the actual axis

operating frequency and the rated axis
frequency of a multiplexer channel
• The maximum axis frequency
deviation of a 16-wave WDM system
is about ＋ 20GHz.

13
 DWDM Key Technologies

• Light source
• Multiplexing/Demultiplexing
• Optical amplification
• Optical add/drop multiplexing
• Optical path monitoring

14
 Light Source Technology
• Standard & stable wavelength
– Channel frequency of a WDM system permitted
by G.692 is 192.1THz-based, with a minimum
distance of 100G frequency interval series. For
SDH light source, G.957 is abided by.
• Meeting requirements of long distance
transmission
– Electric regeneration distance of a WDM system
is up to 640km, and that of an SDH system is
only 50-60km. It is required that chromatic
dispersion tolerance of light source in a WDM
system is much bigger than that in an SDH
system.
15
 Light Source Technology
• Wavelength stability
– Working temperature & bias current control
– Wavelength feedback control
• External modulation
– Electro absorption modulator light source
– M-Z modulator light source

16
 Light Source Technology –
Wavelength Converter

• The nonrated wavelength of optical path is

converted to the rated wavelength
complying with G.692; and then is accessed
to WDM; which makes WDM an open
system.
• With 3R functions (retiming, reshaping &
data regenerating)
• Wavelength conversion implementation
O/E Shaping, Timing & E/O
Regenerating Optical
Optical Signal
Signal out
in G.692
G.957
17
 Wavelength Converter - Categories

• Based on its position in a WDM system:

– Transmitting end wavelength converter
– Regeneration wavelength converter
– Receiving end wavelength converter
R1 .G.957
G.957 S1
WD Multiplexer

WD Demultiplexer

WD Demultiplexer
OTU OTU

WD Multiplexer
OTU

OTU R2
S2 OA OA OA OA
OTU R3
S3 G.692

Sn OTU Rn

18
Light Source Technology –
WDM System

• Integrated WDM System

• Open WDM System

19
 Integrated WDM System
1 1
STM-16
ADM1
2 2

3 3
STM-16
ADM2
4 4
OBA O O OPA
M D
 
U 12 U
12

13 STM-16 13

ADM7
14 14

15 STM-16 15

ADM8 16
16

20
 Open WDM System
• Combining SDH systems from different vendors
into a single WDM system
1 1
STM-16
OTU1 OTU1
2 ADM1
2
OTU2 OTU2
3 3
STM-16
OTU3 OTU3
ADM2
4 4
OBA O OTU4 OTU4 O
OPA
M  D

U 28 U
28
OTU28 OTU28
29 29
STM-16
OTU29 OTU29
30 ADM7
30
OTU30 OTU30
31 31
STM-16
OTU31 OTU31
32 ADM8
32
OTU32 OTU32

21
Wavelength Division Multiplexing Devices
• Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices i
nclude Optical Multiplexer Unit (OMU) & Optical
Demultiplexer Unit (ODU).
• OMU: compounding optical signals with rated wave
length from different channels into a single light wa
ve and sending it to the fiber for transmission, so as
to carrying out multiplexing of optical waves;
• ODU: decompounding optical waves from the fiber
into optical path signals with the former rated wavel
ength and inputting them into different optical path
receivers, thus carrying out demultiplexing of optica
l waves.
• OMU and ODU are all passive devices.
22
 WDM Device - Categories
OM/OD type
– Thin-Film type
– Arrayed Waveguide type
– Fused type
– Fiber Bragg Grating type

23
 Grating WDM Device
• Grating WDM device is a kind of angular dispersion
device. It compounds and decompounds optical signa
ls with different wavelengths utilizing their feature th
at they have different reflection angles in the device.
• Excellent wavelength selection, with the wavelength
distance down to 0.5nm around
• The device is required to be1,2,3,...n
made with craft and high
cost and it is usually used in a lab.





n

24
 Coupling WDM Device
• Different wavelengths are compounded by fusing to
gether multiple fibers and coupling multiple input w
avelengths. Decompounding cannot be carried out b
y the device. 1
2
3
• Strong points 4
5
6
– Excellent temperature characteristics
。
– Preferable optical pathINbandwidth
• Weak points
13

– High insertion loss 14

– Big size with less multiplexing

15
16 wavelengths

25
 Thin Film Demultiplexer
• Thin Film Demultiplexer combines dozens of layers
of thin films to compose a interference filter with sp
ecific wavelength and selection feature and to realiz
e decompounding of different wavelengths.
• Strong points: Admit Light （ 1, 2...
n ）
– Low insertion loss
1
– Preferable channel distance 2

3

n-1

n
Multi-Layer Film

26
Arrayed Waveguide Multiplexer
• Arrayed waveguide WDM device is a kind of planar wave
guide device based on optical integration technology.
• The device can be produced compositively and will play g
reat role in future access network. Other than WDM devic
e, it can also be used as a matrix for add/drop of optical pa
th. It is a favorable solution for optical exchange in the fut
ure optical transmission network.

27
 WDM Device - Parameters
• Multiplexing Channel: It stands for the
amount of optical paths the WDM device can
multiplex/demultiplex. It is closely related to
the resolution and isolation of the device.
• Insertion Loss IL: the attenuation to optical
signal of the WDM device
• Channel Isolation: It stands for the isolation
distance between optical paths in the device.

28
 WDM Device - Parameters
• Central Wavelength: The wavelength
added/dropped for the device cannot be of too big
deviation with that regulated by ITU-T; otherwise
it will cause system breakdown.
• Reflectance R: the ratio between the reflecting
optical power and incidence optical power at the
input end of the device
• Bandwidth: a parameter only valid for ODU. -
20dB describes the stopband characteristics of an
ODU and -0.5dB describes the passband
characteristics of an ODU.

29
 OMU Engineering Parameters

Indices 32 Channels 40 Channels

Wavelength Wavelength Wavelength
Item Unit 8 Channels 16 Channels Sensitive Insensitive Sensitive
Insertion Loss dB <11 <14 <10 <17 1529～1561
Reflectance dB >40 >40 >40 >40 <0.5
Operating Wavelength nm 1548～1561 1548～1561 1535～1561 1535～1561 >22
Polarization Dependent Loss dB <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 >25
Isolation between Adjacent Channels dB >22 <3
Isolation between Nonadjacent Channels dB >25
M ax. Diff. between Channel ILs dB <3 <3 <3 <3

30
ODU Engineering Parameters

31
Optical Amplification Technology

• The emerging of optical amplifier broke

through the biggest barrier in high-speed
long-distance transmission – optical power
limitation, witnessing a milestone in optical
transmission history.
• Optical amplifier is a kind of positive device
amplifying optical signals directly without
optical-electrical-optical conversion.

32
Optical Amplifier - Categories

• Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier EDFA

• Rubidium-Doped Fiber Amplifier PDFA

• Semiconductor Optical Amplifier SOA

33
Optical Amplifier - Categories
• Gain Lock Type
– Gains for each wavelength are all the
same. The output optical power of
amplifier depends on the input optical
power.
• Power Lock Type
– When the power is over a fixed value, the
output power is a constant. It is more
often used in a single wavelength system.

34
 Optical Amplifier - Categories

λ1 λ1

O O λ2
λ2 M D
• •
•
U U •
Optical •
Optical Optical Optical
• Power
Pre-
Line Line
Amplifying λn
λn Amplifying Amplifying Amplifying

Power For
For trunk
trunk equipment
equipment toto
Power expansion
expansion afterafter compensate For
Forreceiver
receivertotoincrease
increasethe
the
multiplexing of signals;
multiplexing of signals; compensatelinelinetransmission
transmission sensitivity; small noise
loss;
loss; small noise coefficient
small noise coefficient sensitivity; small noise
low
lowrequirements
requirementson onnoise and coefficient
coefficientrequired;
required;and
andno
noise andbig
bigoutput
outputoptical
opticalpower
power special requirement
no
on
coefficient
coefficient and
and gain;
gain; big
big required.
required. special requirement on
output output
outputpower.
outputpower
powerrequired.
required. power.

35
 EDFA - Working Principle
~
N3 Fast Nonradiative Transition
0

n
1550
n m N2
980 Pump Signal
m
n
1530 - 1560
n m
Stimulated
1480
m
Absorption Pump Stimulated Radiative
Transition &
N1 Spontaneous Radiative
Transition

36
 EDFA - Structure
• EDFA consists of Erbium-doped fiber, pum
p source, coupler and optical isolator.
Optical Isolator Optical Isolator

Coupler
Erbium-
Input Signal Doped Output Signal
Featuring permission of Fiber
only positive direction
light to ensure no leakage Combining pump Signal light and pump light are
of pump light and reflex light and signal light transmitted in a same Erbium-
from OMU in EDFA 980n and inputting it to doped fiber. The Erbium ions in
m Pu Erbium-doped fiber the fiber absorb energy of pump
mp L
light and transit it to a higher
aser
Pumping Erbium ions energy level. The energy can be
from E1 energy level to E3 transferred to signal light via
energy level to form the stimulated emission between
distribution of population levels. The signal light is
inversion for stimulated amplified constantly along the
radiation fiber and the pump signal is
attenuated constantly along the
fiber.

37
EDFA – Technical Parameters
• Gain G: ratio between output optical power and inp
ut optical power
• Bandwidth: also known as Operating Wavelength C
overage, is the optical wavelength range can be flatl
y amplified by EDFA.
• Gain Flatness: denoted by the maximum gain differ
ence in the amplified bandwidth; wavelengths enter
ed into OA are required to be with the same optical
power.
• Input/Output Power: Output power of the single mu
ltiplexing channel shall be controlled.
• Noise Coefficient: ratio between signal noise ratios
of input terminal and output terminal.
38
 EDFA - Limitation
• Nonlinear problem: Nonlinear effect occurred when
the optical power is up to a certain degree will limit
amplification performance and transmission distance.
• Optical surge problem: peak appeared at output
optical power when saltus takes place at input signal
energy
• Chromatic dispersion problem: The amplifier can
only compensate power problem caused by
attenuation. The total dispersion increased along with
the increased transmission distance becomes the
main limitation factor of the system.
• Bandwidth problem: optical wavelength coverage
that can be flatly amplified by EDFA. EDFA is
required to be with the same gain for each
multiplexing channel in a WDM system.
39
 Optical Surge
• When the transmission link of a WDM system is cut off sudden
ly, and if the pump source of optical amplifier is not closed and
keeps pumping to Erbium-doped fiber, the Erbium ions in stabl
e state will gather more and more; if a high power optical signal
is input then, stimulated radiation will take place on all ions in s
table state, which will result in “peak” output optical power on t
he amplifier and “burnout” of optical connector and receiver. It
brings nonrecoverable damage to the system.

R0 T1 A R2 T3
LA LA LA LA

West East
Multiplexer Multiplexer

T0 R1 T2 R3
LA LA LA LA

OTS

OMS

40
Add/Drop Multiplexing Technology

• Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM):

Taking light-wave signals as operation
object and imposing add/drop multiplexing
technology, it adds/drops wavelength
channels in optical domains.

41
Optical Monitoring Technology

• Optical monitoring technology is used in a

WDM system to transfer network element
management and monitoring information on
a new wavelength, including EDFA
monitoring information, so as to ensure
effective management over the WDM
system by the network operator.

42
Optical Monitoring Technology
• Requirements on monitoring channel:
– No limit on pump wavelength used by EDFA
– No limit on distance between two line amplifiers
– No limit on services on future 1310nm waveleng
th
– Sectional bidirectional transmission for monitori
ng channel
– Available at breakdown of line amplifier
• Implementation of monitoring channel:
– Operating wavelength: 1510nm
– Transmission rate: 2.048Mb/s of signal rate, wit
h a frame format complying with G.704

43
Monitoring Channel Interface -
Parameters

M onitoring Wavelength 1510nm

M onitoring Rate 2.048M b/s
Signal Code Pattern CM I
Signal Transmitting Power (0- -7dBm)
Light Source Type SLM (M LM )
Spectrum Feature -
M in. Receiving Sensitivity -48dBm
Overload Optical Power 0 dBm

44
Optical Interface - Categories
• Section
– Optical fiber and connections between two adjacent
optical line amplifiers

Section Type L V U

Section Target Distance (km) 80 120 160

Section Loss (dB) 22 33 44

45
Optical Interface - Categories
• System Categories & Application Code
– G.692 prescribes the application code for WDM system
is nWX-Y.Z.
– N: multiplexing optical path number
– W: section type L, V or U
– X: domain number between OMU & ODU in the WDM
system
– Y: STM register of multiplexing optical path signal
– Z: fiber type used
Z = 2, 3, or 5
• Z = 2 G.652 fiber
• Z = 3 G.653 fiber
• Z = 5 G.655 fiber

46
 Optical Interface - Categories
• Categories & Application Code of Systems with Line Amplifier
Section Type L (80km/22dB) V (120km/33dB)

Section Number 5 8 3 5

4 Wavelength 4L5-Y.Z 4L8-Y.Z 4V3-Y.Z 4V5-Y.Z

8 Wavelength 8L5-Y.Z 8L8-Y.Z 8V3-Y.Z 8V5-Y.Z*

16 Wavelength 16L5-Y.Z 16L8-Y.Z 16V3-Y.Z 16V5-Y.Z*

Section Target Distance (km) 400km 640km 360km 600km

• Categories & Application Code of Systems with Line Amplifier

used in China
Section Type L (80km/22dB) V (100km/30dB) V (120km/33dB)

Section Number 8 5 3

8 Wavelength 8L8-16.2 8V5-16.2 8V3-16.2

16 Wavelength 16L8-16.2 16V5-16.2 16V3-16.2

Section Target Distance (km) 640km 500km 360km

47
Optical Interface - Parameters
• Optical Transmitter Parameters (referen
ce point Sn)
– Average transmitting optical power
– Spectrum feature
– Extinction ratio
– Eye pattern
– Axis frequency (wavelength)
– Axis frequency deviation

48
 Optical Interface - Parameters

• Optical Path Parameters (between MP

I-S & MPI-R)
– Attenuation
– Chromatic dispersion allowance
– Optical path penalty

49
 Optical Interface - Parameters

• Optical Receiver Parameters (reference

point Rn)
– Receive sensitivity
– Overload optical power
– Receiving wavelength coverage
– Optical signal noise ratio OSNR

50
WDM Network Management System
• WDM is transparent to the borne services, so
it is compliant to services in different format.
• The network management system (NMS) of a
WDM system is only responsible for the man
agement of optical line system, including wav
elength division multiplexer/ demultiplexer, o
ptical amplifier, monitoring channel, etc.

51
NMS – Management Functions
• Fault management function
• Performance management function
• Configuration management function
• Security management function

52
 Transmission Characteristics
• Transmission capacity of 20Gb/s, 40Gb/s, 80Gb/s,
320Gb/s & 400Gb/s
• Carrying of other format optical signals such as POS,
GE, and ATM other than STM-N signal
• Various system configuration meets requirements of
both long haul and short haul transmission,from several
kilometers to above 1000 kilometers.
• Regulation and control of power on each point in the
system via power management technology to guarantee
network performance
• Parameters of each optical path, such as optical power,
central wavelength and OSNR, can be measured and sent
to the NMS for check on NMS.
• Exact fault location and precise performance monitor.

53
 Protection of WDM System

• Point-to-Point Line Protection

– 1+1 or 1:N protection on SDH layer based on
a single wavelength
– Optical multiplexing section protection OMS
P
• Ring Network Protection
– Ring of point-to-point WDM systems
– Ring of OADM equipment

54
 1+1 Protection on SDH Layer (linear)

Tx1w O Rx1w
O
Txlp M OLA D Rxlp
U U
WDM Working Rx2w
Tx2w System

Tx2p Rx2p
O .
. O OLA D
. M .
U
U Rxnw
Txnw WDM Protection
System
Txnp Rxnp

1+1 protection on SDH layer

based on a single wavelength

55
 1:N Protection on SDH Layer
Tx11 Rx11
Tx12 OMU OLA ODU Rx12
。 。
Tx1m Rx1m
WDM Working System
Tx21 1 Rx21
Tx22 OMU OLA ODU Rx22
。 。
Tx2m Rx2m
。 。
WDM Working System 2
。 。
Txn1 Rxn1
Txn2 OMU OLA ODU Rn12
。 。
Txnm Rxnm
WDM Working System n
Txp1 Rxp1
Txp2 OMU OLA ODU Rxp2
。 。
Txpm Rxpm

WDM Protection System 1

1:N protection on SDH layer

based on a single wavelength

56
 1:N Protection on SDH Layer
WDM
Working
System
Working System Working System
Tx1 Rx1
Working Working Rx2
Tx2
System O OM System
O L 。
。
Working M U Working 。
。
System A System
Txn Rxn
U
Txp1 Rxp1
Protection Protection
System System

1:N protection within a WDM

system on SDH layer based on a
single wavelength

57
 Optical Multiplexing Section Protection OMSP
O O
L L
A A

O WDM Working
O O
D System Optical
T T
U Switch
M M

O O
L L
A A

WDM Protection
System

58
Protection Based on a Single
Wavelength SDH Layer
WDM

WDM
WDM

WDM

Ring of point-to-point WDM

systems

59
 Protection of OADM
λ1 λ1
OADM

Site A

λ2
λ4
Site B OADM
OADM Site D
λ2
λ4

Site C

OADM

λ3 λ3

60
WDM – Security Requirements

• Max. optical power for single or multiple

inlet fibers is 17dBm.
– Security of laser
– Fiber nonlinearity
• Auto power switch down (APSD)
– To keep optical amplifier away from surge
– Initiation at optical loss in one or several opti
cal regeneration sections on the main optical
path
– One in upstream and all in downstream of op
tical amplifiers shall be shut down.

61
 DWDM Signal Flow
Terminal Line Amplifier OADM Terminal

OTU S1 l1
1 SD1 R1
OTU S2
l2 EDFA Power EDFA Line
OD ODU SD1
2 Amplifier Amplifier OM R2
OMU R' ODU OMU R' U U
O
BA LA OADM PA O
M MPI-S MPI-S
Sn-1 ln-1 D
OTU U
EDFA U
n-1
O O Preamplifier
ln R R
SDn-1
OTU Sn Rn-1
n Optical
Optical
OSC RX/TX

Monitoring SDn
Monitoring Rn
Optical Channel
R Channel Optical

OSC RX/TX
Monitoring G.652 OSC RX/TX G.652 OSC RX/TX Monitoring
Channel Fiber R
Fiber Channel
R1 SD1
l1 S1 OTU
SD1 1
R2
l2 S2 OTU
EDFA EDFA Line
O Preamplifier O 2
Amplifier OD O
D M U
U M
U PA LA OADM BA
MPI-R S' MPI-R S' OMU U ln-1 Sn-1 OTU
SDn-1 OMU ODU
Rn-1 ODU EDFA Power n-1
SDn O O Amplifier ln Sn OTU
Rn R R
n

OR: Optical Repeater

62
63