CHAPTER 2.
The Development of
National Consciousness
1. Opening of the Philippines to World
Commerce
1834 – Spain officially opened Manila to world
commerce
More ports were opened (Sual, Iloilo, Zamboanga,
Legaspi).
brought prosperity to some Filipinos
modern methods of agriculture and the improved
means of transportation and communication
emergence of Filipino middle class
2. Influx of Liberal Ideas
1869 – opening of Suez Canal
More liberals from Spain and other European
nations came to the country via Suez Canal.
Foreigners brought books, newspapers, and
magazines.
Filipinos were able to read enlightened ideas.
Natives learned also about the American and
French Revolution which provided inspiration to
them.
3. Secularization Movement
Council of Trent (1545 -1563)
decided that parishes were to be administered by
secular (local) priest
Gradually, the Secularization Movement became a
racial and national conflict among the friar curates
and the seculars.
4. The Liberal Administration of Carlos Maria
dela Torre (1869-1871)
well-loved Spanish Governor-general
avoided extravagance and lived a
simple life
abolished flogging
allowed Filipinos to form Comite de
Reformadores
implemented the Moret Decree of
1870
5. The Cavite Mutiny
Rafael Izquierdo (1871-1873) replaced dela Torre
“with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other”
repealed the exemption from rendering the polo and the payment
of tribute
January 20, 1872
about 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in the Cavite arsenal
revolted
led by Sergeant Fernando La Madrid
Through the punitive force ordered by Izquierdo, La Madrid was
killed.
6. The Execution of GomBurZa
Izquierdo magnified the mutiny as a full blown
conspiracy against the Spanish rule allegedly
instigated by Fathers
Mariano Gomez
Jose Burgos
Jacinto Zamora
found guilty in a ‘mock trial’
sentenced to die by garrote
February 17,1872
The three priests were executed in Bagumbayan.
The vast crowd present removed their hats and knelt
down in prayer.
Fr. Meliton Martinez, the liberal archbishop of Manila
refused to defrock the three priests
ordered the continuous tolling of bells during the execution
Result
‘GOMBURZA’ – password of Katipunan
‘Remember GOMBURZA’ – slogan of the Propaganda
7. The Propaganda Movement
Three major factors for the peaceful campaign for
reforms
emergence of Filipino middle class
liberal administration of Carlos Maria dela Torre
execution of GOMBURZA
Propagandists – simply reformers
no intention of achieving social changes through
armed struggle or revolution
Objectives of the Movement
assimilation of the colony as a regular province of
Spain
secularization of parishes
restoration of the Filipino representation in the
Spanish cortes
fundamental freedom of speech, of the press,
assembly and religion
Known Members of the Propaganda Movement
Jose Rizal
conscience of the movement
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
greatest political analyst
founded the Diariong Tagalog
Graciano Lopez Jaena
Prince of Filipino Orators
contributed the satirical novel, Fray Botod
founded the newspaper, La Solidaridad
Pedro Paterno
doctor of law
wrote Ninay
published Sampaguitas
Gregorio Sanciangco
lawyer and economist
produced the book, El Progreso de Filipinas
8. Masonry and Counter Propaganda
Masonry
popular organization for the Filipino exiles
championed the rights and liberal reforms for all
Masonic Lodges Founded
Revolucion
by Jaena at Barcelona
Solidaridad
by del Pilar and Julio Llorente
Nilad
by Serrano Laktaw
Counter Propagandists
Pablo Feced (Quioquiap)
a journalist whose writings expressed hatred and
contempt for the reformists
published Filipinas:Esbozos y Pinceladas
Wenceslao Retana (Desenganos)
a rabid defender of frailocracy
Fr. Jose Rodriguez (OSA)
concentrated his tirades against Jose Rizal
wrote Caiingat Cayo, a searing attack on the Noli
9. La Liga Filipina
Jose Basa helped in drafting the constitution.
July 3, 1892 – formal organization at Rajah
Matanda in Tondo
President – Ambrosio Salvador
Fiscal – Agustin dela Rosa
Treasurer – Bonifacio Arevalo
Secretary – Deodato Arellano
Objectives of the Organization
1. unification of the country into one compact and
homogenous body
2. mutual protection in every want and necessity
3. defence against all forms of violence and injustices
4. encouragement of education, agriculture and
commerce
5. study and application of reforms
Governing Body
Supreme Council
Provincial Council
Popular council
10 centavos – monthly due of each member
Liga – shortlived
Three days after the founding Jose Rizal was arrested
and deported to Dapitan on orders of Governor-
General Eulogio Despujol
10. Failure of the Reform Movement
Canovite System
the compromise between the Spanish liberals and the
conservatives to rotate between themselves the control
of the government
Problems encountered by the Propagandists
Inadequacy of finances
funds from the Philippines stopped
La Solidaridad ceased its publication (Nov. 15, 1895).
Funds from subscription also stopped.
Personal and health problems
homesickness
differences and conflicts of opinion
Del Pilar and Jaena were compelled to change their
political platform from assimilation to separation
or revolt.
Two months after La Solidaridad folded up Jaena died.
Del Pilar died on July 4, 1896.
11. The Philippine Revolution of 1896
Andres Bonifacio – a radical member of the Liga
initiated the Katipunan or KKK.
Primary objective of Katipunan
to unite Filipinos and struggle for separation from
Spain through armed conflict
August 22, 1896
Katipunan had a conference in Balintawak.
Philippine Revolution begun with the tearing of their
cedulas.
End of the Chapter