Chapter 1: Understanding the

Basics of Object-Oriented
Concepts
(Object-Oriented Analysis and Design)

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Objectives

 Why OO?

 What is OOAD?

 How to do OOAD?

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Why Object-Oriented?

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Why Object-Oriented?

“The "software crises" came about when people realized the major problems in software
development were … caused by communication difficulties and the management of
complexity” [Budd]

The Whorfian Hypothesis:

Human beings … are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has
become the medium of expression for their society … the 'real world' is … built upon the
language habits … We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe
significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in
this way … and is codified in the patterns of our language.





What kind of language can alleviate difficulties with 4

communication & complexity hopefully well?
Why Object-Oriented?
– Consider Human Growth & Concept Formation

 Communication & complexity about the problem and the solution, all expressed in terms of concepts in a language!
 But then, What is CONCEPT? [Martin & Odell]
 Consider Human Growth & Concept Formation

stage concepts
infant the world is a buzzing confusion
very young age "blue" "sky“ (individual concepts)
"blue sky“ (more complex concept)
hypothesis: humans possess an innate
capacity for perception

getting older -> increased meaning, precision,

subtlety, ...
the sky is blue only on cloudless days
the sky is not really blue
it only looks blue from our planet Earth
because of atmospheric effects
elaborate conceptual constructs

Concept formation: from chaos to order!

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Why Object-Oriented?
- concepts and objects
So, concepts are needed to bring order … into

But, What is CONCEPT? [Martin & Odell] [Novak, 1984, Cambridge University Press]

Study of a first grade class

When given a list of concepts (water, salt water, Oceans, Penguins,...),
Harry constructed a concept diagram through which he understands his world and
communicates meaning

Does Harry understand the concepts? Do you understand what Harry understands? Agree or Diagree?
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Why Object-Oriented?
… for Conceptual … Modeling Reasons

What kind of language can be used to create this concept diagram,

or Harry’s mental image?

Water
have Fresh water

Rivers Oceans have

have live in
have Salt water
Fish have Crocodiles
Penguins
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Why Object-Oriented ->
What is a model and why?

 A model is a simplification of reality.

E.g., a miniature bridge for a real bridge to be built

 Well...sort of….but not quite

 A model is our simplification of our perception of reality
(that is, if it exists, otherwise it could be a mere illusion).
communication is not about reality but about your/my/his/her
perception of reality => validation and verification hard but needed

 A model is an abstraction of something for the purpose

of understanding, be it the problem or a solution.

 To understand why a software system is needed, what it should do, and how it should do it.
 To communicate our understanding of why, what and how.
 To detect commonalities and differences in your perception, my perception, his perception
and her perception of reality.
 To detect misunderstandings and miscommunications. 8
What is Object-Orientation?
- What is Object?

 An "object" is anything to which a concept applies, in our awareness

 Things drawn from the problem domain or solution space.
 E.g., a living person in the problem domain, a software component in the solution space.

 A structure that has identity and properties and behavior

 It is an instance of a collective concept, i.e., a class.
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What is Object-Orientation
- Abstraction and Encapsulation

Abstraction
Focus on the essential
Omits tremendous amount of details
…Focus on what an object “is and does”

Encapsulation
a.k.a. information hiding
Objects encapsulate:
property
behavior as a collection of methods invoked
by messages
…state as a collection of instance variables
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What is Object-Orientation
- Another Example of Abstraction and Encapsulation

Class Car
<<instanceOf>>

Attributes
 Model
<<instanceOf>>  Location
 #Wheels = 4

Operations
<<instanceOf>>
 Start
 Accelerate
What is generalization?
What is over-generalization??
Forall x [Car(x) -> …]11
What is Object-Orientation?
- Class

<<instanceOf>> Class Car

Attributes
 Model
<<instanceOf>>  Location
 #Wheels = 4
Operations
<<instanceOf>>  Start
 Accelerate

 What is CLASS?
 a collection of objects that share common properties, attributes, behavior and
semantics, in general. What are all these???

 A collection of objects with the same data structure (attributes, state variables)
and behavior (function/code/operations) in the solution space.

 Classification
Grouping of common objects into a class
 Instantiation.
 The act of creating an instance. 12
What is Object-Orientation
- Subclass vs. Superclass

• Specialization: The act of defining one class as a refinement of another.

• Subclass: A class defined in terms of a specialization of a superclass
using inheritance.
• Superclass: A class serving as a base for inheritance in a class hierarchy
• Inheritance: Automatic duplication of superclass attribute and behavior
definitions in subclass.

Person
name
SSN

Student Employee
std-id emp-id multiple inheritance?
level age

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What is Object-Orientation
- Subclass vs. Superclass

A A A

B B B

C C

A A A
A
<<instanceOf>>
<<instanceOf>>
B B B
B
<<instanceOf>> <<instanceOf>>

c: C c: C

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What is Object-Orientation
- Subclass vs. Superclass and …
3
A A A A A

<<instanceOf>> <<instanceOf>> <<instanceOf>> <<instanceOf>> 2

B B B B B

<<instanceOf>> <<instanceOf>>

c: C C C C C

<<instanceOf>> 1
d: D D

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What is Object-Orientation
- Polymorphism

Objects of different classes respond to the same message differently.

Person
name
SSN

Student Employee
payTuition
std-id emp-id
level
payTuition

In-State Out-of-State
Student Student
state
payTuition payTuition

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What is Object-Orientation
- Interfaces

• Information hiding - all data should be hidden within a class, at least in principle.
• make all data attributes private
• provide public methods to get and set the data values (cf. Java design patterns)
• e.g. Grade information is usually confidential, hence it should be kept
private to the student. Access to the grade information should be
done through interfaces, such as setGrade and getGrade

Student
setGrade std-id
level
payTuition
grade
setGrade()
getGrade()
getGrade

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What is Object-Orientation
- Abstract Class vs. Concrete Class

 Abstract Class.
 An incomplete superclass that defines common parts.
 Not instantiated.
 Concrete class.
 Is a complete class.
 Describes a concept completely.
 Is intended to be instantiated.

Work out an example!

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What is Object-Orientation?
-State

 What is STATE?
"State" is a collection of association an object has with other objects and object types.

 What is STATE CHANGE?

A "state change" is the transition of an object from one state to another.

 What is EVENT?
An "event" is a noteworthy change in state [Rumbaugh]

Work out an example!

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What is Object-Orientation?
-State transition impossible?

tom: Actor
tom: Actor
name = “Tom Cruise”
name = “Tom Holmes”
married/changeLastName

katie: Actor
katie: Actor
name = “Katie Holmes”
name = “Katie Holmes”

tom: Actor
name = “Tom Holmes”
newArrival/getName
katie: Actor
name = “Katie Holmes”

suri: BabyActor
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name = “Suri Holmes”
What is Object-Oriented Application?

• Collection of discrete objects, interacting w. each other

• Objects have property and behavior (causing state transition)
• Interactions through message passing
(A sender object sends a request (message) to another object (receiver)
to invoke a method of the receiver object’s)

O1 O2
Data m1 Data
Fn Fn

m3 m2
O3 {m in Fn}
Data
Fn

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What is OOAD?

 Analysis — understanding, finding and describing concepts in

the problem domain.
Traceability!
 Design — understanding and defining software
solution/objects that represent the analysis concepts and will
eventually be implemented in code.
 OOAD — Analysis is object-oriented and design is object-
oriented. A software development approach that emphasizes a
logical solution based on objects.

Involves both a notation and a process

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Harry again …

What do we see here?

Water
have Fresh water

Rivers Oceans have

have live in
have Salt water
Fish have Crocodiles
Penguins

Things, Relationships, Diagram 23

How to do OOAD
- notation vs. process
 UML is a notation.
 So are English,
Elvish, Ku, …

 But as yet I can’t

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How to Do OOAD
– Where to Use OO? Traceability!

Software Lifecycle
Systems Engineering

Requirements Analysis

Quality Assurance
Project Planning
Maintenance
Architectural Design

Detailed Design

Implementation
Something missing?

Release

What’s yours like?

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 Artificial problem
Accidental design

Traceability!
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Specifications are important too

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 How to Do OOAD
– OMT as Object-Oriented Methodology
OMT (Object Modeling Technique) by James Rumbaugh

Object Model: describes the static

structure of the objects in the system and
their relationships -> Object Diagrams.

Dynamic Model: describes the

interactions among objects in the system
-> State Diagrams.

Functional Model: describes the data

transformation of the system
-> DataFlow Diagrams.

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Traceability!
 How to Do OOAD
– OMT as Object-Oriented Methodology
OMT (Object Modeling Technique) by James Rumbaugh

Analysis:
i) Model the real world showing its important
properties;
ii) Concise model of what the system will do

System Design:
Organize into subsystems based on analysis
structure and propose architecture

Object Design: Based on analysis

model but with implementation details;
Focus on data structures and
algorithms to implement each class;
Computer and domain objects

Implementation: Translate the object

classes and relationships into a
programming language
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Traceability!
A Unified Language + A Good Process
+ A Good Goal, perhaps

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Introduction to OOAD - Summary

Why
 Once Software Crisis due to Communication and Complexity
 Languages, Concepts, Models
 OO for Conceptual Modeling

What
 Fundamental OO Concepts
 A little taste of UML

How
 OO development processes & (Design) Patterns

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How to Do OOAD
- Historical Perspective

OO Technology Process Perspective

OO Prog. Languages
just program!
(Smalltalk, C++)

OO Design
(Booch) design then
program

OO Analysis Analyze (use case) first,

(Rumbaugh, Jacobson)
then design,
Where are we heading? T then program
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How to Do OOAD
- OO Development Processes

Some Popular OOAD Processes (for reference only)

 Fusion
 Hewlett Packard
 Recommended Process and Models
 ObjectSpace best practices
 Larman’s experiences
 …
 The Rational Unified Process (RUP)
 Rational; Booch, Jacobson, and Rumbaugh

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How to Do OOAD
– One Good Way: Use (OO) Design Patterns

Reusable solutions to typical problems.

“Each design pattern systematically names, explains, and evaluates an
important and recurring design in object-oriented systems.” [Gamma]

 Name — identifies a particular pattern, creating a vocabulary.

 Problem — identifies context when pattern should be applied.

 Solution — an abstract description of a design problem along with a template

object design that solves the problem.

 Consequences — results and trade-offs of applying the pattern.

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Why Object-Oriented
- Who’s Behind Object-Orientation w. Diff. Concerns
Knowledge Databases
Representation (in A.I.) Emphasis in Persistent Data
(and now ACID properties)
Psychological Validity
ERD RelationalDB
Philosophical Validity
Network DB
Computational Validity
CM Hierarchical DB
SDM ADT OODB

Programming Languages ERD: Entity Relationship Diagram

System/Software
Emphasis in Efficiency SDM: Semantic Data Model
Engineering ADT: Abstract Data Type
Simula, SmallTalk, C++, Protel,
Java CM: Conceptual Model

Where does Unified Modeling Language come into this? 35

Introduction to OOAD - Points to Ponder

1. How do you think your mental image is represented?

2. What kinds of languages are used for what purpose in our daily life?
3. What are the differences among a concept, a model and a language?
4. What are the differences between a language and a methodology?
5. Can we use C# for analysis?
6. If C++ is a language, does it model anything? If so, what?
7. What does a concept in C++ refer to (i.e., semantics)?
8. What does a concept in a (OO) design refer to?
9. What does a concept in an (OO requirements) analysis refer to?
10. Is the current OOAD for Functional Analysis and Design, or Non-
Functional Analysis and Design?
11. What is the relationship between OO (Object-Orientation) and GO
(Goal-Orientation), between OO and AO (Agent-Orientation), and
between GO and AO?
12. Can you prove you and I communicate with each other perfectly?

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