1.
Number Systems
In a digital system, the system can understand only the optional
number system. In these systems, digits symbols are used to represent
different values, depending on the index from which it settled in the
number system.
In simple terms, for representing the information, we use the number
system in the digital system.
The digit value in the number system is calculated using:
[Link] digit
[Link] index, where the digit is present in the number.
[Link], the base numbers, the total number of digits available in the
number system.
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Type of Number Systems
In the digital computer, there are various types of number
systems used for representing information.
[Link] Number System
[Link] Number System
[Link] Number System
[Link] Number System
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary Number Systems
Generally, a binary number system is used in the digital computers. In
this number system, it carries only two digits, either 0 or 1. There are
two types of electronic pulses present in a binary number system. The
first one is the absence of an electronic pulse representing '0'and
second one is the presence of electronic pulse representing '1'. Each
digit is known as a bit. A four-bit collection (1101) is known as a
nibble, and a collection of eight bits (11001010) is known as a byte.
[Link] holds only two values, i.e., either 0 or 1.
[Link] is also known as the base 2 number system.
[Link] position of a digit represents the 0 power of the base(2).
Example: 20
[Link] position of the last digit represents the x power of the base(2).
Example: 2x, where x represents the last position, i.e., 1
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal Number Systems
The decimal numbers are used in our day to day life. The decimal
number system contains ten digits from 0 to 9(base 10). The position
in the decimal number system specifies the power of the base (10).
The 0 is the minimum value of the digit, and 9 is the maximum
value of the digit. For example, 2541 is a decimal number.
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal Number Systems
The octal number system has base 8(means it has only eight digits
from 0 to 7). There are only eight possible digit values to represent a
number. With the help of only three bits, an octal number is
represented. Each set of bits has a distinct value between 0 and 7.
1. An octal number system carries eight digits starting from 0, 1, 2,
3….7.
2. It is also known as the base 8 number system.
3. The position of a digit represents the 0 power of the base(8).
Example: 80
4. The position of the last digit represents the x power of the base(8).
Example: 8x, where x represents the last position, i.e., 1
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal Number Systems
It is another technique to represent the number in the digital system called
the hexadecimal number system. The number system has a base of 16 means
there are total 16 symbols(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F) used for
representing a number. The single-bit representation of decimal values10, 11,
12, 13, 14, and 15 are represented by A, B, C, D, E, and F. Only 4 bits are
required for representing a number in a hexadecimal number. Each set of bits
has a distinct value between 0 and 15. There are the following characteristics
of the octal number system:
1. It has ten digits from 0 to 9 and 6 letters from A to F.
2. The letters from A to F defines numbers from 10 to 15.
3. It is also known as the base 16number system.
4. In hexadecimal number, the position of a digit represents the 0 power of
the base(16). Example: 160
5. In hexadecimal number, the position of the last digit represents the x
power of the base(16). Example: 16x, where x represents the last position,
i.e., 1
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Common Number Systems
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:
pp. 40-46
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Quick Example
2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916
Base
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Next slide…
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Weight
12510 => 5 x 100 = 5
2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125
Base
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
Bit “0”
1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 =
2
0 x 22 =
0
1 x 23 =
8
0 x 24 =
0
1 x 25 =
ITEC 1011 32 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant
bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
12510 = 11111012
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
7058 = ?2
7 0 5
111 000 101
7058 = 1110001012
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
10AF16 = ?2
1 0 A F
0001 0000 1010 1111
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
123410 = ?8
8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2
123410 = 23228
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
123410 = ?16
16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4
123410 = 4D216
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
10110101112 = ?8
1 011 010 111
1 3 2 7
10110101112 = 13278
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
10101110112 = ?16
10 1011 1011
2 B B
10101110112 = 2BB16
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
10768 = ?16
1 0 7 6
001 000 111 110
2 3 E
10768 = 23E16
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
1F0C16 = ?8
1 F 0 C
0001 1111 0000 1100
1 7 4 1 4
1F0C16 = 174148
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise – Convert ...
Don’t use a calculator!
Skip answer Answer
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise – Convert …
Answer
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Common Powers (1 of 2)
• Base 10
Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001
10-9 nano n .000000001
10-6 micro .000001
10-3 milli m .001
103 kilo k 1000
106 mega M 1000000
109 giga G 1000000000
1012 tera T 1000000000000
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Common Powers (2 of 2)
• Base 2
Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024
220 mega M 1048576
230 Giga G 1073741824
• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?
• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally applies
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties
/ 230 =
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise – Free Space
• Determine the “free space” on all drives on
a machine in the lab
Free space
Drive Bytes GB
A:
C:
D:
E:
etc.
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Review – multiplying powers
• For common bases, add powers
ab ac = ab+c
26 210 = 216 = 65,536
or…
26 210 = 64 210 = 64k
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary Addition (1 of 2)
• Two 1-bit values
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”
pp. 36-38
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary Addition (2 of 2)
• Two n-bit values
– Add individual bits
– Propagate carries
– E.g.,
1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Multiplication (1 of 3)
• Decimal (just for fun)
35
x 105
175
000
35
3675
pp. 39
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Multiplication (2 of 3)
• Binary, two 1-bit values
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Multiplication (3 of 3)
• Binary, two n-bit values
– As with decimal values
– E.g.,
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Decimal to decimal (just for fun)
3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04
1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
pp. 46-50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875
pp. 46-50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Binary to Octal
1. Firstly, we make pairs of three bits on both sides of the
binary point.
111 110 101 011.001 1
On the right side of the binary point, the last pair has only
one bit. To make it a complete pair of three bits, we added
two zeros on the extreme side.
111 110 101 011.001 100
2. Then, we wrote the octal digits, which correspond to each
pair.
(111110101011.0011)2=(7653.14)8
pp. 46-50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Binary to Hexadecimal
1. Firstly, we make pairs of four bits on both sides of the
binary point.
111 1010 1011.0011
On the left side of the binary point, the first pair has three
bits. To make it a complete pair of four bits, add one zero
on the extreme side.
0111 1010 1011.0011
2. Then, we write the hexadecimal digits, which correspond
to each pair.
(011110101011.0011)2=(7AB.3)16
pp. 46-50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Decimal to binary .14579
x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Decimal to Octal
Example 1: (152.25)10
Step 1:
Divide the number 152 and its successive quotients with base 8.
(152)10=(230)8
Step 2:
Now perform the multiplication of 0.25 and successive fraction with base 8.
(0.25)10=(2)8
So, the octal number of the decimal number 152.25 is 230.2
Operation Quotient Remainder
152/8 19 0 Operation Result carry
19/8 2 3 0.25×8 0 2
2/8 0 2
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Decimal to Hexadecimal
Example 1: (152.25)10
Step 1:
Divide the number 152 and its successive quotients with base 8.
(152)10=(98)16
Step 2:
Now perform the multiplication of 0.25 and successive fraction
with base 16.
(0.25)10=(4)16
So, the hexadecimal number of the decimal number 152.25
is 230.4.
Operation Quotient Remainder
Operation Result carry
152/16 9 8
0.25×16 0 4
9/16 0 9
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Octal to Decimal
Example 1: (152.25)8
We write the three-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2,
and 5.
(152.25)8=(001101010.010101)2
So, the binary number of the octal number
152.25 is (001101010.010101)2
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
• Octal to Hexadecimal
Example 1: (152.25)8
Step 1: We write the three-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2, and 5.
(152.25)8=(001101010.010101)2
So, the binary number of the octal number 152.25 is (001101010.010101)2
Step 2:
1. Now, we make pairs of four bits on both sides of the binary point.
0 0110 1010.0101 01
On the left side of the binary point, the first pair has only one digit, and on the
right side, the last pair has only two-digit. To make them complete pairs of four
bits, add zeros on extreme sides.
0000 0110 1010.0101 0100
2. Now, we write the hexadecimal digits, which correspond to each pair.
(0000 0110 1010.0101 0100)2=(6A.54)16 p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
• Hexadecimal to Decimal
Example 1: (152A.25)16
Step 1:
We multiply each digit of 152A.25 with its respective positional weight, and last
we add the products of all the bits with its weight.
(152A.25)16=(1×163)+(5×162)+(2×161)+(A×160)+(2×16-1)+(5×16-2)
(152A.25)16=(1×4096)+(5×256)+(2×16)+(10×1)+(2×16-1)+(5×16-2)
(152A.25)16=4096+1280+32+10+(2×1⁄16)+(5×1⁄256)
(152A.25)16=5418+0.125+0.125
(152A.25)16=5418.14453125
So, the decimal number of the hexadecimal number 152A.25 is 5418.14453125
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
• Hexadecimal to Octal
Example 1: (152A.25)16
Step 1:
We write the four-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2, A, and 5.
(152A.25)16=(0001 0101 0010 1010.0010 0101)2
So, the binary number of hexadecimal number 152A.25
is (0011010101010.010101)2
Step 2:
3. Then, we make pairs of three bits on both sides of the binary point.
001 010 100 101 010.001 001 010
4. Then, we write the octal digit, which corresponds to each pair.
(001010100101010.001001010)2=(12452.112)8
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction
So, the octal number to Information
of the hexadecimal Technologies
number 152A.25 is 12452.112
Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!
Skip answer Answer
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise – Convert …
Answer
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… [Link]…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
Thank you
Next topic
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies