DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : M. VENU
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.
Institute : Dr.B.R.A. GMR Polytechnic for women ( s.c)
Karimnagar , Karimnagar Dist.
Year / Semester : III Semester
Subject : CIRCUIT THEORY.
[Link] : EC – 303
Topic : Network Theorems
Duration : 150 minutes
Sub – Topic : Reciprocity Theorem
Teaching Aids : ppt’s
EC-303.49 to 51 1
Objectives
On completion of this period you would be able to :
• State RECIPROCITY theorem
• Solve problems using reciprocity theorem
RECAP
• In the previous sessions we have learnt application of
Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems for Finding branch
currents in the networks .
• However they have certain limitation and are not
suitable for all networks
EC-303.49 to 51 3
Reciprocity theorem
• In a linear bi-lateral single source network the ratio of
excitation (voltage or current source) to response of
(current or voltage ) is constant even when the positions
of excitation and response are interchanged.
EC-303.49 to 51 4
The reciprocity theorem can be understood
easily by using an example network :
Network: A two port network
Input port contains Source
Output port contains Load
EC-303.49 to 51 5
I1
vs Network Load
Fig 1
The network with Source at I/P
Load at O/P :
EC-303.49 to 51 6
The network with Source at O/P
Load at I/P :
I2 Network Vs
Load
Fig 2
EC-303.49 to 51 7
• According to the reciprocity theorem
Ratio between Voltage ( Excitation)
and
Current ( Response)
VS VS
=
I1 I2
EC-303.49 to 51 8
SIMPLE NETWORK
• Consider the network shown below.
• Hence the source or excitation is V and response is I.
Z1 Z3
V ~ Z2
I2
I1
Fig 3
EC-303.49 to 51 9
By mesh current method, we get
(z1+ z2) -z2 I1 v
-z2 (z2+z3) I2 = 0
EC-303.49 to 51 10
Z1 Z 2 Z 2
VZ
Z 2 Z 2 Z 3
Z1Z 2 Z1Z 3 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 2 Z 2 Z1Z 2
Z1 Z 2 V
V2
Z2 O
V2 V .Z 2
I2 I
VZ Z1Z 2
V
Z Z 1 2
I Z2
EC-303.49 to 51 11
EXAMPLE - 1
Verify the reciprocity theorem in the circuit shown in
figure below
3Ω
1Ω 2Ω vx
10 A
Fig 4
EC-303.49 to 51 12
SOLUTION
• Sol.:-The voltage VX across the 3 Ω resistance
VX= 10. 2 .3
2+3
Vx = 60 = 12 Volts
5
Now, interchange the current source and response VX as
shown in figure in next slide
EC-303.49 to 51 13
• Circuit diagram
1Ω
10 A
2Ω 3Ω
VX
Fig 5
EC-303.49 to 51 14
To find the response, we have to find the voltage across
2 Ω resistor
Therefore VX =10 . 3 .2 = 60 = 12 V
2+3 15
In both cases, response VX is same.
Hence the reciprocity theorem is verified.
EC-303.49 to 51 15
EXAMPLE - 2
• Verify the Reciprocity theorem for the network shown
below.
2Ω 2Ω
c
a
+ 3Ω
2Ω 2Ω
20 V
-
I2 I3
I1
b d
Fig 6
EC-303.49 to 51 16
SOLUTION
• In this circuit the voltage source is 20V and the response
is I. By mesh current method
5 3 0
I1 20
3 7 2 I 2 0
0 I 3 0
2 4
• Hence ∆Z = 5(28-4)+3(-12-0) = 120-36
=84
• Hence ∆3 = 20(6-0) =120
• I3 = ∆3 / ∆Z = 120 / 84 EC-303.49
=1.428A to 51 17
• Apply the reciprocity theorem by
interchanging the source and response
we get
EC-303.49 to 51 18
2Ω 2Ω
c
a
3Ω 2Ω 2Ω
I2 I1
I3
b d
Fig 1
EC-303.49 to 51 19
4 2 0
I1 20
2 7 3 I 2 0
0 I 3 0
3 5
EC-303.49 to 51 20
• ∆Z = 4(35-9) +2(-10-0) = 104-20 = 84
• ∆3 = 20(6-0) = 120
• I3 = ∆3 / ∆Z = 120 / 84 = 1.428A
• Hence I = I3 = 1.428A
• Hence reciprocity theorem is proved.
EC-303.49 to 51 21
PROBLEM – 1
Verify the reciprocity theorem for the following network shown
below.
A C
2Ω 2Ω
+
20 V 3Ω 2Ω 2Ω
B D
EC-303.49 to 51 22
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM – 1
• Total resistance in the circuit is =2 3 P 2 2 P2
= 3.5 Ω
• The current drawn by the circuit is I T = 20 / 3.5
• I1= 5.71 amps.
EC-303.49 to 51 23
A C
2Ω 2Ω
+
IT I
I
20 V 1Ω
3Ω
B D
EC-303.49 to 51 24
• The current in 2Ω branch
IT 3
I 2.85 A
3 2 1
I 2
The current branch CD is 1.42 A
22
• Applying reciprocity theorem by inter changing source and
response we get
EC-303.49 to 51 25
On interchanging source and response the
below figure results
A C
2Ω
I
IT2
I2
2Ω I
2Ω
3Ω 2Ω
+
20 V
-
B D
EC-303.49 to 51 26
• The total resistance in the circuit is = 3.23 Ω
• The total current drawn by the circuit is = 20 v The current
branch AB/ 3.23 Ω = 6.19 amps.
IT 2 2
I2 2.38 A
2 (2 P3) 2
I2 3
• The current in branch AB is I = 1.43 A
3 2
• If we compare the results in both cases the ratio of the input
20
to the response is same i.e, 13.99
43
EC-303.49 to 51 27
PROBLEM-2 AND SOLUTION
Verify the reciprocity theorem in the circuit given below.
A C
1Ω
I2 I3
10A 2Ω 3Ω V
B D
EC-303.49 to 51 28
SOLUTION FOR PROBLEM 2
• The voltage across the 3 ohm resistor is
• V=I3*R
• Where I 3 = 10 * 2 = 4 amps.
2+3
• There fore V = 4 *3 = 12 V
• Now we interchange the current source and response
EC-303.49 to 51 29
• To find the response we have to find the voltage
across
AB i.e VAB=V2Ω
• V = I 2* R
3
• I2 = 10 * 3 2 = 6 Amps
EC-303.49 to 51 30
• V = 6 * 2 = 12 volts.
• In both the cases the ratio of the current to voltage is the
same ie., it is equal to 0.833.
• Hence the reciprocity theorem is verified.
EC-303.49 to 51 31
Summary
We discussed about :
• Reciprocity theorem statement .
• Application of reciprocity theorem.
EC-303.49 to 51 32
Quiz
• The ratio between Source and __________
is compared in the statement of Reciprocity
theorem
a) Load resistance
b) Response
EC-303.49 to 51 33
Frequently asked Questions
[Link] & explain reciprocity theorem ?
EC-303.49 to 51 34