Chapter one :Vectors and matrices
1.1. Vectors, basis and Components
if a matrix has only one row or one column is called a vector.
A matrix having only one row is called a row vector example the 1x3 matrix
A= is a row matrix b/c it has only one row .
A matrix having only one column is called a column vector example the 2x1
matrix
A= is column vector b/c it has only one column .
A matrix having only one row and one column is called scalar
example the 1x1 matrix A= is a scalar. in other words scalar is a single
number.
Algebra of vectors
Vector algebra is defined as types of algebra where the elements are
in vector form and their algebraic operation follow the vector laws.
What are the laws of vector addition? The main law of vector
addition are : commutative :- A+B=B+A
Associative :- A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C
What are the types of vector multiplication ?
The main law of vector multiplication are:
Dot product :- P.Q=|P||Q| cos
cross product :-PxQ=|P||Q| sin
Basis Vectors and Components
A vector is an arrow with a length and a direction .just like positions
To describe vector mathematically we write them as a combination of
basis vectors.
Any other vector can be written as linear combination of the basis
vectors .
Components of a vectors
The numbers , and are called the components of in i , j and k, basis .if
we are 2D then will only have two components for a vector.
1.2 General Vector Spaces
Definition
A vector space is a set V of elements called vectors, having operations of
addition and scalar multiplication defined on it that satisfy the following
conditions.
Let u, v, and w be arbitrary elements of V, and c and d are scalars.
• Closure Axioms
1. The sum u + v exists and is an element of V. (V is closed under addition.)
2. cu is an element of V. (V is closed under scalar multiplication.)
Definition of Vector Space (continued)
• Addition Axioms
3. u + v = v + u (commutative property)
4. u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w (associative property)
5. There exists an element of V, called the zero vector, denoted 0, such
that u + 0 = u.
6. For every element u of V there exists an element called the negative of
u, denoted -u, such that u + (-u) = 0.
• Scalar Multiplication Axioms
7. c(u + v) = cu + cv
8. (c + d)u = cu + du
9. c(du) = (cd)u
10. 1u = u
1.3 Linear Combinations of Vectors
W={(a, a, b) | a,b R} R3
(a, a, b) = a (1,1,0) + b (0,0,1)
W is generated by (1,1,0) and (0,0,1).
e.g., (2, 2, 3) = 2 (1,1,0) + 3 (0,0,1)
(-1, -1, 7) = -1 (1,1,0) + 7 (0,0,1).
Definition
Let v1, v2, …, vm be vectors in a vector space V.
We say that v, a vector of V, is a linear combination of
v1, v2, …, vm , if there exist scalars c1, c2, …, cm such that
v can be written v = c1v1 + c2v2 + … + cmvm .
Example 1
Determine whether or not the vector (-1, 1, 5) is a linear
combination of the vectors (1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 4), and (2, 3, 6).
Solution
Suppose c1 (1, 2, 3) c2 (0, 1, 4) c3 (2, 3, 6) (1, 1, 5)
(c1 , 2c1 , 3c1 ) (0, c2 , 4c2 ) (2c3 , 3c3 , 6c3 ) (1, 1, 5)
(c1 2c3 , 2c1 c2 3c3 , 3c1 4c2 6c3 ) (1, 1, 5)
c1 2c3 1
2c1 c2 3c3 1 c1 1, c2 2, c3 1
3c 4c 6c 5
1 2 3
Thus (-1, 1, 5) is a linear combination of (1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 4),
(1, 1, 5) (1, 2, 3) 2(0, 1, 4) 1(2, 3, 6).
and (2, 3, 6), where
Example 2
Show that the vector (3, -4, -6) cannot be expressed as a linear
combination of the vectors (1, 2, 3), (-1, -1, -2), and (1, 4, 5).
Solution
Suppose
c1 (1, 2, 3) c2 (1, 1, 2) c3 (1, 4, 5) (3, 4, 6)
c1 c2 c3 3
2c1 c2 4c3 4
3c 2c 5c 6
1 2 3
This system has no solution.
Thus (3, -4, -6) is not a linear combination of the vectors
(1, 2, 3), (-1, -1, -2), and (1, 4, 5).
Example 3
1 7
Determine whether the matrix is a linear combination
8 1
of the matrices
1 0 2 3
, and
0 1 in the vector space
,
2 1 0 2 2 0
M22 of 2 2 matrices.
Solution
Suppose 1 0 2 3 0 1 1 7
c1 c c
2 1 2 0 2 3 2 0 8 1
Then
c1 2c2 3c2 c3 1 7
2c 2c
1 3 c1 2c2 8 1
c1 2c2 1
3c2 c3 7
2c1 2c3 8
c1 2c2 1
This system has the unique solution c1 = 3, c2 = -2, c3 = 1.
Therefore
1 7 31 0 2 2 3 0 1
8 1 2 1 0 2 2 0