Islamic University of Madinah

Dr. Yaser H. Alahmadi

Mechanical Engineering Department

ME 3563
Fluid Mechanics
 Recommended Books
Textbook
 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics.
by Munson, B. R., D. F. Young, and T. H. Okiishi

Reference Books
 Fluid Mechanics
by Frank M. White.
 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
by Robert W. Fox & Alan T. McDonald
 Mechanics of Fluids
by Merle C. Potter & David C. Wiggert
 Engineering to Fluid Mechanics
by Clayton T. Crowe, Donald F. Elger, Barbara C. Williams and John A. Robe
 Course Outline
1. Introduction and fundamentals
2. Fluid statics (Hydrostatic)
3. Fluid Dynamics
4. Fluid kinematics
•Midterm
5. Fluid kinematics
6. Control volume analysis
7. Differential analysis
8. Viscose flow in pipes
•Final Exam Comprehensive
 Marks Distribution

 HomeWorks (2) 10%

 Quizzes (2) 10%
 Midterm (1) 20%
 Lab (1) 20%
 Extra Assessment (1) 10%
 Final (1) 30%
Definition of Fluid
 Fluids Mechanics

Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion.

Solid behavior Fluid behavior

 What is Fluid

Fluid:
a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear (tangential) stress of
any size.
⃗
𝐹
What is stress?
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
It is the force per unit area. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠= fluid
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
What is shear stress?
It is stress parallel to the plane of the area.

Why of any size?

Mathematically we can say even if infinitesimal small shear stress acting on that surface, the
fluid will continuously deforms.
 Fluids

A solid deforms when a shear stress is applied, but it does not deform continuously.

In the case of solid material, the deformation is proportional to the applied shear stress ,
where A is the area of the contact surface to the plate.

In case of fluid, there is no slip at the boundary because the fluid in the direct contact
with the solid boundary has the same velocity as the boundary itself.

Solid behavior Fluid behavior F

F
𝑡
𝑡0 𝑡 𝑡 0 1𝑡
𝑓 2
 Why study fluid mechanics?

Understanding the basic principle and concept of fluid mechanics are essential to
analyze any system in which the fluid is the main working medium.

Examples:
1. Aircraft industries
2. Automobile industries
3. Bridge and skyscrapers design and building.
4. The design of propulsion system for space flight.
 Why study fluid mechanics?

Ignoring the basic principles of the fluid mechanics can lead to a catastrophic failure,
the collapse of Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 is just one example.
 Basic equations to solve F.M problems

To solve a fluid mechanics problems, the fluid must satisfy basic law of physics and
mathematics.

1. Conservation of mass.
2. Newton’s 2nd law “ conservation of momentum”
3. 1st law of thermodynamics “ conservation of energy”
4. 2nd law of thermodynamics
 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

Fluid characteristics can be described qualitatively and quantitively:

• The qualitative aspect identifies the nature, or type, of the characteristics (such as length, time, stress, and velocity).
• The quantitative aspect provides a numerical measure of the characteristics.
• The qualitative description is conveniently given in terms of certain primary quantities, such as length, L, time, T,
mass, M, and temperature, Φ.
• These primary quantities can be used to provide a qualitative description of any other secondary quantity: for
example, , , and so on,
• The symbol is used to indicate the dimensions of the secondary quantity in terms of the primary quantities. Thus, to
describe qualitatively a velocity, V, we would write as:

• Thus, we can say that “the dimensions of a velocity equal length divided by time.”
Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally homogeneous—that is, the dimensions of the
left side of the equation must be the same as those on the right side, and all additive separate terms
must have the same dimensions. We accept as a fundamental premise that all equations describing
physical phenomena must be dimensionally homogeneous. If this were not true, we would be
attempting to equate or add unlike physical quantities, which would not make sense. For example,
the equation for the velocity, V, of a uniformly accelerated body is:
Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units
 Fluid Properties

 Density

 Specific volume

 Specific weight

 Specific gravity
 Density
 From equilibrium thermodynamics

The density is a function of temperature and pressure under two conditions:

1. They have to be intensive (intensive mean the property does not depend on the system size or the amount
of material in the system)
2. They have to be independent (they cannot be related to each other in any way).
The pressure and the temperature can related in special cases i.e. mixture of liquid and vapor (dealing with
mixture and multiphase fluid is beyond the scope of this course). Therefore, p & T are intensive.
 At normal condition (1atm, 300K)

 For ideal gas:

 Viscosity

The most important fluid property in fluid mechanics is the VISCOSITY.

Why???
The viscosity is the fluid property that has a significant effect on the deformation rate occur due
to the applied force.
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given shear strain rate.
 No-Slip condition

No-slip condition defined as: The fluid on contact with a surface will have the same velocity of
that surface, and that is due to the viscos effects.
 No-Slip condition
𝑑𝑥
𝑭 ,𝑼

𝒉 𝑑𝛽 𝑦

If a force is applied on the top wall for a very short period of time (), then the fluid attached to
the top surface will deforms and displace with amount of (), Thus:

since
 No-Slip condition

• The angular velocity (the rate of change of angle) is given by:

• In words: when I shear a fluid, it will flow.

• The shear strain rate is nothing but the angle variation in time:

• The unit of shear strain rate:

 No-Slip condition

Note that:
is actually represent the slope of the velocity profile.
If we consider a tiny small element of a fluid, then the SSR is the difference of the velocity
between the top and bottom surface divided by the vertical distance between these surfaces.
𝑑𝑥
𝑭 ,𝑼

𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝛽 𝑦

𝑥
 Connection between SSR and viscosity

The shear stress is given by:

A 𝐹
The shear strain rate given by: 𝑦 𝑢

If the SS is linear proportional to SSR, then the fluid is Newtonian:

What is the constant of proportionality between SS and SSR?

The viscosity () is the constant of proportionality between SS and SSR, thus:

Unit of viscosity:
Examples
 Example 1

Example 1:
𝑢
𝜇 2=2 𝜇1 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 1
𝑏
𝑣 =?
𝑐𝑏 𝜇1 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 2

Force balance on middle plane:

𝜏2
𝜏2
We know that (
 Example 1

𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝜇 2=2 𝜇1
𝜏=𝜇 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 =?
𝜇1
𝑐𝑏