MATHEMATICAL
SYSTEM
Objectives:
1. Define each part of the mathematical system;
a. undefined terms
b. defined terms
c. postulates
d. theorems
2. Illustrates how the four parts of mathematical system related
to one another.
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM
•UNDEFINED TERMS
•DEFINED TERMS
•AXIOMS / POSTULATES
•THEOREMS
UNDEFINED TERMS
In geometry, we come across with terms
which cannot be precisely defined. In modern
mathematics we do accept certain undefined terms
by description.
UNDEFINED TERMS
POINT LINE PLANE
POINT
A position in space. It has only location but no
dimension, length, width, thickness and does not occupy
an area.
A point is named using a CAPITAL LETTER and it
can be modeled by a dot.
A B C D
All other geometric figures are made up of a
collection of points.
LINE
A straight, continuous arrangement of infinitely many points. Its
length is infinite. It extends infinitely in two directions. It has no
thickness.
Arrowheads symbolizes infinity
It is named by a single lower case script letter or by any two
points on a line (two CAPITAL LETTERS).
d line d line AB or BA
A B d AB OR BA
Two points determine a line.
PLANE
A flat surface that extends infinitely along its length and width. It
is like an “infinite sheet of paper”. It has length and width but no
thickness.
It is named by a single script CAPITAL LETTER or by any three
points in the plane which are not on the same line.
A B
plane J plane ACD
plane ABD plane CDB
J plane BDC plane ABDC
C D
At least three nonlinear points determine a plane.
ACTIVITY:
Tell whether each of the following represents a point, line, or a
plane.
1. Stars in the sky 7. Top of a box
2. Curtain rod 8. Page of a book
3. Edge of a ruler 9. A magic wand
4. Cartolina 10. Button
5. A knot on a piece of thread 11. Mole
6. A clothesline 12. Handkerchief
DEFINED TERMS
Unlike undefined terms (which do not have a
formal definition), these terms have a formal
definition. They are used to define even more
terms.
DEFINED TERMS
Collinear Points Non-collinear Points
- are points that lie - are points that do not lie
on the same line. on the same line.
C
A B C A B
Points A, B, and C Points A, B, and C
are collinear points. are non-collinear points.
DEFINED TERMS
Coplanar Points Non-coplanar Points
- are points that lie - are points that do not lie
on the same plane. on the same plane.
B B C
A C A
Points A, B, and C Points A, B, and C
are coplanar points. are non-coplanar points.
LINE
A B
- LINE SEGMENT
- RAY
- OPPOSITE RAYS
DEFINE TERMS
LINE SEGMENT
A B
A line segment is a part of a line consisting two
endpoints and all the points in between.
The line segment may be called AB or BA.
Its endpoints are A and B.
DEFINE TERMS
RAY
A B
A ray is a part of a line with only one endpoint and
extending in only one direction.
A ray is named with its endpoint first, followed by
another point on the ray.
The ray can be named AB read as “ray AB”.
DEFINE TERMS
OPPOSITE RAYS
A B C
Are rays with a common endpoint but extending in
opposite directions.
Common endpoint: B
Opposite rays: BA and BC
B is between points A and C.
Let’s Try!
1. Name all the points.
●A, ●W, ●X, ●Y and ●Z a b
2. Name all the lines using a script letter. W X c
line a, line b, line c, line d A
3. What is the other name for line a?
L
line WZ or line ZW d
Z Y
4. Using a script letter, named a plane
formed by the four lines.
plane L
5. Name the plane in three different
waysplane
usingWXY
three points.
plane XYZ
Activity!
Determine whether each of the following is TRUE or FALSE.
1. A, N and D are collinear. A N D
2. A, R, Z and K are coplanar.
I
3. C, R, Z and T are non – coplanar. E
4. M, K, and T are coplanar.
5. M, R, A and I are coplanar. C
R Z
6. R, Z and T are non – collinear. T
7. E, C and M are collinear.
8. Intersection of EA and AD is point A. M K
9. EM | | DT
