Example: - 1
The building shown in below is to be built in a sloped terrain in Gondar.
The structure have six windows of 2.5m * 2.75m size are provided in each of
the longer sides. Two windows of 2.0m * 2.75m size and one door of 2.5m
* 3m are provided in each of the shorter sides of the building.
• Calculate the wind load acting on the roof & truss . The trusses are
spanning in the short direction of the building at 3m centers . The shape of
the roof truss is also shown in the figure.
• Take purlin spacing =1.5m
Cont’d
Cont’d
Solution:- Cont’d
1) List out given data for wind load analysis
Bay length=30m
Bay width=15m
Height=4.5+1.6=6.1m
Roof slope=tan-1(1.6/7.5) = 120>50
Terrain category =sloppy
2) Calculate basic wind velocity “vb”
vb = Cdir Cseason vb,o = 1 * 1 * 22 = 22 m/sec
CDIR = CTEM = 1 & vb,o =22m/s→ shall be taken as per ESEN 1991-1-4:2015
3) Define the reference height for doupitch roof
As per ESEN1991-1-4:2015, reference height =Ze=h=6.1m
4) Classify terrain category
Gondar is under category III
Zo= 0.3m (minimum reference height), Zmax =200m (maximum reference height)
Cont’d
5) Mean wind velocity for
where, , z0=0.3m, zmin =5m and z = 6.1
Terrain roughness factor, Cr(z)
Cr(z) =
Since zmin ≤ z ≤ 200 m = 5<6.1<200m
0.07
We use Cr(z) = KT ln(z/zo) Zo 0.3 0.07
𝐾𝑇 = 0.19 = 0.19 ൬ ൰ = 0.215
Zo, II 0.05
Cr(z)= = KT ln(z/zo)=0.215*ln(6.1/0.3)= 0.65
i. Orographic factor, Co(z)
1 for Φ < 0.05
Co = ൝
1 + 2 S Φ for 0.05 < Φ < 0.30
1 + 0.6 S for Φ > 0.30
Cont’d
Φ = Upwind slope H/Lu in the wind direction = 30/500 = 0.06
Le = Effective length of upwind slope = Lu, if 0.05 < Φ < 0.3
The topography affected zone is marked in the diagram shown below.
s = A factor to be obtained by interpolation from the value of s = 1.0 at
the crest of escarpment and the value s = 0 at the boundary of the
topography affected zone.
Cont’d
S=0 S=0 Boundary of topography affected zone
S=1 0.5 Le = 250 m
Wind
H = 30 m
200 m
300 m S=0
Lu = Le = 500 m
Therefore, Co = 1 + 2s Φ for 0.05 < Φ < 0.30
Find,
Then,=
Co =1 + 2(0.28) (0.06) = 1.036
So, = 0.65*1.036*22m/s =14.78m/s
Cont’d
6) Calculate Wind turbulence intensity factor,
Our case is z = 6.1m ,
,
,
𝑘𝑙 1
𝑰 𝒗 ( 𝒛) = = =𝟎 .𝟑𝟐𝟏
𝑧 6.1
𝑐𝑜 ( 𝑧 ) ∗ ln ( ) 1.034 ∗ ln ( )
𝑧𝑜 0.3
Cont’d
7) Determine Peak wind velocity pressure “ qp(z)”
= [1+7Iv(z)]* where
, Iv=0.321
[1+7Iv(z)]*
Density of air =1.25
=443.31N/m2=0.443kN/m2
External pressure coefficient Cpe:
For
Dimension of roof e/4 = 3.05m F
e = b or 2h which
wind-=
ever is smaller. 23.9 m b=30 m
G H J I
b = 30 m;
2h = 2*6.1 = 12.2m
e/4 = 3.05m
Hence e = 12.2 m F
α = Tan-1(1.6/7.5)
7.5m
= 12° 7.5m
Values of Cpe are given in table 7-4, for different values of pitch angle α and for zone area
above 10 m2 and zone area below 1 m2.
b) Calculate the area of each zone
Area F = (e/10*e/4)=1.22*3.05=3.721 m2, Area I = (15/2- e/10)*b =6.28*30=188.4 m2
Area G = (b-2* e/4)* e/10=23.9*1.22=29.158 m2, Area J = ( e/10)*b =1.22*30= 36.6 m2
Area H = (15/2- e/10)*b=6.28*30=188.4 m2
c) Read external wind pressure coefficient “Cpe”
Zone F G H I J
Cpe Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1
-1.14 -2.15 -0.92 -0.39 -0.46 -0.88
+0.14 +0.14 +0.14 +0 +0.06
In the areas of different zones above, area F is in between 1 m 2 and 10 m2.
Cpe for Area F = Cpe1 + (Cpe10 - Cpe1) log10A; For area F, Cpe1 = -2.15 & Cpe10 = -1.14 (Table 7-4)
Cpe for Area F = -2.15 + (-1.14 – (-2.15)) log103.721 = -1.57
All the other areas are more than 10 m 2, therefore, Cpe for all other areas = Cpe10
The corresponding values are taken from the Table 7-4.
8) Internal pressure coefficient Cpi:
Internal wind pressure coefficient (Cpi) depend on area of opening.
Internal pressure coefficient Cpi for buildings without internal partitions is based on the value
ΣArea of openings at the leeward and wind parallel side
= (6*2.5*2.75) + (4*2.0*2.75) + (2*2.5*3.0) = 78.25m2
ΣArea of openings at the windward, leeward and wind parallel side= = 78.25 + (6*2.5*2.75)
=119.5m2
78.25
= 0.6548;
119 .5
Aspect ratio use interpolation.
For
For
So Cpi= -0.037
Net maximum positive pressure=0.067kN/m2 = 0.076 kN/m2
.
Net maximum negative pressure = -0.69kN/m2
The summary values are shown below in a table== we=qp(ze ) ⋅ cpe wi=qp(ze ) ⋅ cpi
Zone F(kN/m2) G(kN/m2) H(kN/m2) I(kN/m2) J(kN/m2)
Area (m2) 3.721 29.158 188.4 188.4 36.6
Cpe (-ve) -1.57, -0.92 -0.39 -0.46 -0.88
We=-0.69 We=-0.41 We=-0.17 We=-0.2 We=-0.39
Cpe (+ve) 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.0 0.06
We=+0.06 We=+0.06 We=+0.06 We=+0 We=+0.03
Cpi(-ve) -0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037
Wi=-0.016 Wi=-0.016 Wi=-0.016 Wi=-0.016 Wi=-0.016
0.06+0.016=0.076 0.06+0.016=0.076 0.06+0.016=0.076 0+0.016=0.016 0.03+0.016=0.046
(We - Wi) +ve
(We - Wi) -ve -0.69+0.016=-0.67 -0.41+0.016=-0.39 -0.17+0.016=-0.15 -0.2+0.016=-0.18 -0.39+0.016=-0.37
Maximum positive pressure=+0.076kN/m2
Maximum negative pressure= -0.67kN/m2
9)For
Direction of wind-
Parallel to ridge
B) Calculate area of each zone
External pressure coefficient Cpe:
For
C) External pressure coefficient , Cpe from table 7.4b
Zone F G H I
Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1
-1.39 -2.06 -1.3 -2 -0.63 -0.53
For zone, F &G, their areas is b/n 1m2 and 10m2
Cpe for Area F = Cpe1 + (Cpe10 - Cpe1) log10A
Cpe for Area F = -2.06 + (-1.39 – (-2.06)) log103.721 = -1.67
Cpe for Area G = -2 + (-1.3 – (-2)) log105.43 = -1.48
All the other areas are more than 10 m2, therefore, Cpe for all other areas = Cpe10
D) Determine internal pressure coefficients
𝑨𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐,𝒉/𝒅=𝟔.𝟏/𝟑𝟎=𝟎.𝟐≤𝟎.𝟐𝟓, 𝑪𝒑𝒊=−𝟎.𝟐𝟐∧+𝟎
10) Compute external and internal wind pressure
Zone F G H I
Cpe (-ve) -1.67 -1.48 -0.63 -0.53
External We=-0.74kN/m2 We=-0.65kN/m2 We=-0.28kN/m2 We=-0.23kN/m2
Cpe (+ve) +0.0 +0.0 +0.0 +0.0
We=+0.0 We=+0.0 We=+0.0 We=+0.0
Cpi(-ve) -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22
Wi=-0.098kN/m2 Wi=-0.098kN/m2 Wi=0.098kN/m2 Wi=0.098kN/m2
Internal
0+0.098=0.098 0+0.098=0.098 0+0.098=0.098 0+0.098=0.098
Net wind (W - W ) +ve
e i
pressure
(We - Wi) -ve -0.74+0.098=-0.64 -0.65+0.098=-0.55 -0.28+0.098=-0.18 -0.23+0.098=-0.13
Maximum positive pressure=+0.098kN/m2
Maximum negative pressure= -0.64kN/m2
11) Select maximum wind pressure from
Center to center distance between the truss = 3m and purlin spacing =1.5m
For joint (2 & 4) =Ap = 1.53*3=4.59m2
For joint (1 & 5) = make half
Example-2
1
2
1
2
End of Lecture
One