Analog Electronic Circuits-U20ECT303
By
[Link],
Assistant Professor
Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College
Course Objectives
To analyze transistor biasing circuits and its
stabilization techniques
To analyze the amplifier using h-parameters and low
frequency FET model.
To familiarize the theory of multistage and feedback
amplifiers
To understand the fundamentals of feedback amplifiers
and concepts of oscillators
To understand the concepts of Large Signal Amplifiers
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Course Outcomes
CO1 - Design the biasing circuits (K2)
CO2 - Design and analyze the BJT and FET Amplifiers in
both low and high frequency (K3)
CO3 - illustrate the design and analyze multistage and
feedback amplifiers (K3)
CO4 - Construct and analyze oscillators and multivibrators.
(K3)
CO5 - Differentiate the power amplifiers based on their
operation, efficiency and distortion (K3)
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UNIT- I BIASING AND STABILIZATION
Biasing and Stabilization: DC load line and Q-point – Need
for biasing – Different types of BJT biasing – Fixed bias,
Collector to base bias, Self-bias –Stability factor – Bias
compensation: Diode, Thermistor and Sensistor
compensation – FET biasing: Gate bias, Voltage divider
bias and Self bias – MOSFET biasing.
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UNIT- II LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCY
ANALYSIS
Transistor Low Frequency Analysis: Definition of h–
parameters – Small signal low frequency h-parameter model
–Mid band analysis of CB, CE and CC amplifier to obtain
gain, input impedance and output impedance – Analysis of
CE amplifier with an emitter resistance – Low frequency
FET model – CS, CD and CG amplifiers.
Transistor High Frequency Analysis: Hybrid pi CE
transistor model – Hybrid pi conductance and capacitances
– CE short circuit current gain using Hybrid pi model -
Current gain with resistive load.
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UNIT - III AMPLIFIERS
Multistage Amplifiers: Need for cascading – Cascade
amplifier – Cascode amplifier – Darlington Pair – Basic
emitter coupled differential amplifier – Tuned amplifiers
– single tuned –double tuned –stagger tuned amplifiers.
Feedback Amplifiers: Concept of feedback- topological
classification-voltage series, voltage shunt, current series,
current shunt - effect of feedback on gain, stability,
distortion, band width, input and output impedances –
practical feedback amplifier circuits and their analysis.
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UNIT - IV OSCILLATORS AND
MULTIVIBRATORS
Oscillators: Barkhausen criterion for sustained
oscillations - RC oscillators – RC phase shift oscillator
and Wien bridge oscillator- LC oscillators - Hartley and
Colpitts oscillators – crystal oscillators and frequency
stability.
Multivibrators: Astable, monostable and bistable
multivibrators using transistors–Schmitt trigger circuit.
Time Base Generators: General features of time base
signals – RC ramp generator –Constant current ramp
generator, UJT saw tooth generator – Bootstrap ramp
generator
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UNIT - V LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIER
Classification of power amplifiers - Class A
power amplifier-direct and transformer coupled
amplifiers; -Class B - Push-pull arrangements and
complementary symmetry amplifiers; conversion
efficiency calculations, cross over distortion – class AB
amplifier - amplifier distortion – power transistor heat
sinking – Class C and D amplifiers.
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Text Books
David A. Bell, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, Oxford
University Press, 5th edition, 2008
[Link], Kenneth [Link], Microelectronic Circuits
Theory and Applications, 7th Edition, Oxford University,
2017
Millman J and Halkias C, “Integrated Electronics”,
Tata McGraw Hill International Edition, 2007.
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Reference Books
R.L. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, “Electronic Devices and
Circuit Theory”, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, India, Ninth
Edition, 2008
S. Salivahanan, [Link] and A. Vallavaraj,
“Electronic Devices and Circuits”, 2nd Edition, TMH,
2007.
Thomas [Link], Fundamentals of Analog Circuits,
Pearson Publication, 2nd Edition,2012
Jacob Millman, Arvin Grabel, “Microelectronics”, 2nd
edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2003
Neamen, Donald A., “Electronic Circuit Analysis and
Design”,AP/ECE/SMVEC
By [Link], 3rd edition, McGraw Hill, 2006
UNIT- V LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIER
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About the Syllabus
UNIT- V LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIER
Classification of power amplifiers - Class A
power amplifier-direct and transformer coupled
amplifiers; -Class B - Push-pull arrangements and
complementary symmetry amplifiers; conversion
efficiency calculations, cross over distortion – class AB
amplifier - amplifier distortion – power transistor heat
sinking – Class C and D amplifiers.
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CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIIERS
Amplifiers can be classified as:
Class A : conducts for full 3600
Class B : conduction for 1800
Class C : conduction for < 1800
Class AB : conduction angle between 180 0 and 3600
Class D : 100 % efficiency
Class S : Switching regulators
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CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER
If the collector current flows at all times during the full cycle of the signal, the
power amplifier is known as class A power amplifier.
If the Q point is placed near the centre a/the linear region a/the dynamic curve,
class A operation results. Because the transistor will conduct for the complete
360 , distortion is low for small signals and conversion efficiency is low.
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TYPES OF CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER
There are 2 types of class A power amplifier
Series Fed class A power Amplifier
Transformer coupled class A power amplifier
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SERIES FED CLASS A AMPLIFIER
There is no transformer in the circuit. RL is in series with V cc.
There is DC power drop across RL.
Therefore efficiency = 25% (maximum)
Series fed amplifier circuit Transfer curve
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TRANSFORMER COUPLED CLASS A AMPLIFIER
The load is coupled through a transformer. DC drop across the
primary of the transformer is negligible.
There is no DC drop across RL.
Therefore efficiency = 50% maximum.
Transformer coupled amplifier Transfer curve
circuit
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CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER
If the collector current flows only during the positive half-cycle
of the input signal, it is called a class B power amplifier.
For class B operation the Q point is set near cutoff. So output
power will be more and conversion efficiency is more.
Conduction is only for 1800
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TYPES OF ClASS B POWER AMPLIFIER
There are two types of class B power
amplifier:
Push-pull amplifier: Both the transistors are of same
type (NPN or PNP)
Complementary symmetry circuits One of the
transistor is NPN and the other one is PNP or vice versa.
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PUSH PULL POWER AMPLIFIER
In B type, the output the collector current flows only for
half cycle for full cycle of the input hence distortion
occurs.
To get out for full input signal we use Push Pull circuit
Class B Push Pull circuit Operation for half cycle
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COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY AMPLIFIER
Two types of transistors (NPN and PNP) are used for
better impedance matching connected in emitter
follower configuration.
It is a transformer less circuit
Complementary symmetry circuit and its operation
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COMPARISON OF PUSH PULL & COMPLEMENTARY
SYMMETRY CIRCUITS
PARAMETER PUSH PULL COMPLEMENTARY
SYMMETRY
Type of Transistor Both should be NPN or One is PNP and other is
PNP type NPN
Use of Transformers Used at both i/p and o/p Not needed
side
Impedence Matching Possible due to use of two Possible due to operation
transformers of transistors in CC
configuration
Transistor Configuration Both transistors operate in Both transistors operate in
CE mode CC mode
Conduction Angle 1800 1800
Power Dissipation Zero Zero
Efficiency Low Higher than push pull
type
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HEAT SINK
Heat sinks increase the power rating (ie. power handling
capacity) of a transistor by getting rid of the heat developed
quickly.
Power transistor dissipate lot of power in heat. This can be
destructive to amplifier as well as other components
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CROSS OVER DISORTION
Two transistor do not turn ON and OFF exactly at same time.
There exists a gap in the output voltage.
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CLASS AB POWER AMPLIFIER
The output signal is obtained more than 180 degree but less than
360 degree, for a full input cycle.
Q- point is located above x-axis but below the mid-point of the
load line.
The efficiency is more than class A but lower than class B.
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AMPLIFIER DISORTIONS
If the output of an amplifier is not a complete AC sine wave, then
it is said to be distorted output. The amplifier is non-linear.
The distortion can be analyzed using Fourier analysis.
In Fourier analysis, any distorted periodic waveform can be
broken into frequency components.
These components are harmonics of the fundamental frequency
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HARMONICS
Harmonics are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency. If
the fundamental frequency is 5 KHz:
1st harmonic 1×5KHz
2nd harmonic 2×5KHz
3rd harmonic 3×5KHz
4th harmonic 4×5KHz, etc.,
1st and 3rd harmonics are called Odd harmonics and the 2nd and
4th are called Even harmonics.
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CLASS C POWER AMPLIFIER
If the collector current flows for less than half of the input
signal, it is called a class C power amplifier.
For class B operation the Q point is set in the middle of the active
region and it provides maximum possible amplification. It’s
conversion efficiency is high
Conduction angle is only for 900
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CLASS D POWER AMPLIFIER
Class D amplifier is a non linear switching amplifier or Pulse
Width Modulator(PWM) amplifier, where the direct input signal
is changed with a variable pulse width.
Theoretically they can reach upto an efficiency of 100% and it is
the highest power efficient amplifier class
It is used in digital audio players or controlling the motors
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