FEED FORMULATION AND

PREPARATION
An alternative feed ingredient could be sourced from plant sources that will enhance fish production

and at the same time provide the adequate nutritional requirements of the fish (Omoregie &

Ogbemudia 1993; Kaur & Shah 2017). These plant ingredients are able to provide the needed nutrients

of the fish to produce high quality and safe aquatic products for human consumption but at the

same time with minimal effect on environment (Gatlin et al 2007). The use of plant products as

protein sources for fish feed has been evaluated from a number of studies involving mostly soybean and

to some extent barley, corn, wheat and other grains or legumes with most of these studies showed

promising results inspite of the presence of anti-nutritional factors that are inherent to these plant

ingredients (Francis et al 2001; Gatlin et al 2007).

CARBOHYDRATES
CASSAVA STARCH

Cassava pulp, the solid, moist by-product of cassava

starch manufacture, represents approximately 10%
to 15% of the root (Thongkratok et al., 2010). Cassava
pulp has a moisture content of approximately 60% to
70% and contains 50% carbohydrates on a dry
weight basis. Dried cassava pulp is low in protein
(approximately 2%), deficient in carotene and has
high levels of fibre (in the form of insoluble fibre)
making it difficult to use successfully in poultry diets
(Aro et al., 2008).

REFERENCE
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 PROTEIN
IPIL-IPIL LEAVES CASSAVA LEAVES

The protein content of the leaves was from 20% (expressed as percentage
Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) has varying nutritional
of leaf dry matter). The concentrations of essential amino acids were
contents. The leaves of ipil-ipil contain crude protein (CP) adequate, except for methionine. The biological criteria, true digestibility
ranging from 23% to 28% . The leaves also have a (TD) and biological value (BV), showed that the digestibility was from 70
moderate amount of fat, with a range of 4% to 6% ether to 80%, whereas BV varied from 44 to 57%, depending on the methionine
extract (EE) . The crude fiber (CF) content of ipil-ipil content.
leaves is between 20% and 26% . The ash content ranges REFERENCE:
from 7% to 11% . In terms of nitrogen-free extract (NFE),
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ipil-ipil leaves have a range of 32% to 37% . The %2Farticle%2Fprotein-quality-of-cassava-leaves
nutritional composition of ipil-ipil leaves makes them a %2FA0D3694D77E86AA0A56C7D4BA4218052%3Ffbclid
potential feed ingredient for fish, as they provide a good %3DIwAR12lGHyDxUhsdhn_UWR2MXR6J_Hhf4q-
source of protein and other essential nutrients . FGHzIVCinIP7D32Tqv9wDoMj-
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CALCULATION : PEARSON’S SQUARE

FORMULATE A FISH DIET CONTAINING 30% PROTEIN (CP) WITH FF INGREDIENTS: IPIL-IPIL LEAVES
( 20% CP); CASSAVA LEAVES (20% CP);CASSAVA STARCH ( 11%).

40% 19

30
I:C=(19/29)X100=
11 10 65.52% or 65.52 g
cs=(10/29)X 100=
To check : 29 34.48% or 34.48 g
Ipil: cl: 65.52g x 0.4= 26.21g PARTS
Cs: 34.48x 0.11= 3.79
____________________________
30 g protein
Preparation of Starch Extract from Fresh Cassava Roots Starch was extracted using fresh cassava roots using following
procedure. Fresh cassava roots were peeled, washed and grated. Two liters of water was added to 1kg of grated cassava and
ground using a high speed blender (Preethi MG 176 600 W) for 10 minutes. The pulp was filtered using a double folded
cotton cloth. The filtrate was allowed to stand for 2 hrs to settle starch and top supernatant was removed. 200ml of water was
added to the sediment and stirred again for 5 minutes and filtered. This process was repeated three times to remove impurities
and after decanting the supernatant, final sediment layer was dried in sun light for 72 hours. Then dried starch was crushed,
sieved and stored in a refrigerator at -20°C ((Abera and Rakshit, 2003).
Chopping - Leaves can be chopped manually or by means of a mechanical chopper. Leaves may also be bruised instead of
chopping. Chopping not only increases cyanide elimination, but also shortens the drying time. Wilting - Leaves need be
wilted by spreading out in shade or in a room with cross-ventilation. Duration of wilting may vary from few hours to few
days. Leaves must be turned over regularly to avoid fermentation and mould formation. Drying - Wilted leaves should be
uniformly distributed in the drying floor and turned over as necessary. Once 12% moisture level is reached, the dry leaves can
be preserved either in the form of leaf meal or pellets. Processing has little influence on the crude protein content of the leaf
meal (Ravindran et al., 1987a).
 Ipil-ipil
Ipil-ipil leaves have potential as a feed ingredient, but they contain a toxin called mimosine that can be harmful to
animals. Here's how to extract the leaves for feed, focusing on removing mimosine:
Soaking:
•This is the simplest and most recommended method.
•Soak fresh ipil-ipil leaves in a 1:1 ratio of water to leaves (by volume) for 30-48 hours.
•Change the water after 24 hours to further reduce mimosine content.
After Soaking:
•You can use the leaves in several ways after soaking:
• Feed them directly (though this might be less palatable due to texture).
• Dry the leaves for storage and later use in feed mixes.
• Grind the leaves into a powder for easier incorporation into feed.
Cassava leaves
Detoxification is Key:Cassava leaves are a good alternative to ipil-ipil leaves for animal feed, but similar to
ipil-ipil, they require processing to remove toxins. Here's how to extract cassava leaves for feed:
Cassava leaves contain hydrocyanic acid (HCN), which is toxic to livestock. The goal is to reduce HCN
levels to safe limits.

Sun-drying:

This is a common and effective method for small-scale processing.

Harvest young cassava leaves (4-5 months old) and chop them into small pieces.
Spread the chopped leaves in a thin layer on a clean, dry surface in direct sunlight.
Turn the leaves regularly to ensure even drying.
Drying time depends on weather conditions, but it typically takes 3-5 days.
Once completely dry, the leaves can be crushed into a meal and stored for later use.
ential as a feed ingredient, but they contain a toxin called mimosine
nimals. Here's how to extract the leaves for feed, focusing on

d most recommended method.

ves in a 1:1 ratio of water to leaves (by volume) for 30-48 hours.
24 hours to further reduce mimosine content.
PROCEDURES: