Prepared By Syed Ahsan Habib
Principal Officer, Information Technology Division
EXIM Bank Limited
Introduction to TCP/IP
Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the
protocol suite on which the Internet is based.
TCP/IP is now very widely deployed. However, it was developed
without taking into consideration its performance over very
high speed (fiber optic) links or long-delay (satellite) links, with
the result that efforts are now underway to remedy some of
the shortcomings that are evident on links that have large
bandwidth-delay product.
At the present time, considerable low bit rate TCP/IP
commercial traffic is being carried over GEO satellites. With
suitable TCP/IP performance enhancements, data rates in
excess of 500 Mbps have been demonstrated over GEO located
satellites."
Back to OSI as Standard
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a product
of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the
International Organization for Standardization.
It is a prescription of characterizing and standardizing the
functions of a communications system in terms of
abstraction layers.
Contd.
Think of the seven layers as the assembly line in the
computer.
At each layer, certain things happen to the data that
prepare it for the next layer.
The seven layers, which separate into two sets, are:
1. Application Set
2. Transport Set
Contd.
Application Set
Layer 7: Application - This is the layer that actually
interacts with the operating system or application whenever
the user chooses to transfer files, read messages or perform
other network-related activities.
Layer 6: Presentation - Layer 6 takes the data provided by
the Application layer and converts it into a standard format
that the other layers can understand.
Layer 5: Session - Layer 5 establishes, maintains and ends
communication with the receiving device.
Contd.
Transport Set
Layer 4: Transport - This layer maintains flow control of data and provides
for error checking and recovery of data between the devices. Flow control
means that the Transport layer looks to see if data is coming from more
than one application and integrates each application's data into a single
stream for the physical network.
Layer 3: Network - The way that the data will be sent to the recipient
device is determined in this layer. Logical protocols, routing and addressing
are handled here.
Layer 2: Data - In this layer, the appropriate physical protocol is assigned to
the data. Also, the type of network and the packet sequencing is defined.
Layer 1: Physical - This is the level of the actual hardware. It defines the
physical characteristics of the network such as connections, voltage levels
and timing.
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The TCP/IP suite includes the following protocols
Data Link Layer
ARP/RARP / DCAP
Network Layer
DHCP / DVMRP / ICMP/ICMPv6 / IGMP / IP / IPv6 / MARS /
PIM / RIP2 / RIPng for IPv6 / RSVP / VRRP
Transport Layer
ISTP / Mobile IP / RUDP / TALI / TCP / UDP / Van Jacobson
compressed TCP XOT X.25 over TCP
Session Layer
BGMP / Diameter / DIS / DNS / ISAKMP/IKE / iSCSI / LDAP /
MZAP / NetBIOS/IP
Contd.
Application Layer
COPS / FANP / Finger / FTP / HTTP / IMAP4 /
IMPPpre/IMPPmes / IPDC / IRC / ISAKMP / ISP / NTP /
POP3 / Radius / RLOGIN / RTSP / SCTP / S-HTTP / SLP /
SMTP / SNMP / SOCKS / TACACS+ / TELNET / TFTP / WCCP /
X-Window
The TCP/IP suite is illustrated in relation to the OSI model:
This presentation prepared specially
for
Shamsur Rahman Chowdhury Sir