UNIT II

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
 Ideal Condition on No Load

The ideal condition on no load can be assumed by neglecting various losses in the motor.
Vph = Ebph
Under this condition, the magnetic locking between stator and rotor is in such a way that the magnetic axes of both coincide with each
other.

Eph Vph

As magnitude of Ebph and Vph is same and

opposes the phasor diagram for this condition
Synchronous Motor on No Load (With Losses)
various losses
practically present
on no load, the
magnetic locking
exists between
stator and rotor but
in such a way that
there exists a small
angle difference
between the axes of
two magnetic fields

C B δ is very small
Eph Vph – Eph = IaZs
IaZs
OB = IaZs = ERph

δ δ
Eph O Vph A
Synchronous Motor on Load
 C B

ER1ph OB = ER1ph
Ebph

LIGHT LOAD
δ1
Eph O Vph A

C B

δ2 > δ1 ER2ph OB = ER2ph

ER2ph > ER1ph Ebph

HEAVY LOAD
δ2
Eph O Vph A
 Operation of Synchronous motor at constant load Variable Excitation

Field Excitation (Field Current) is changed

Keeping Load Constant,

The Synchronous motor reacts by changing its power factor of operation

Normal Excitation
If changes Eb also changes
Excitation is adjusted to get Eb α If
Eb = Vph

Motor draws a certain current Ia from supply

PF of Motor is lagging
If changes Eb changes
 C B Constant Ia Cos ф
ER Normal Excitation
Ebph
ϴ Constant Vph
δ
O Vph A Excitation is adjusted
ф
Ia Eb = Vph
B
Under Excitation
Ebph ER
δ ϴ
A
Vph Excitation is adjusted
ф Eb < Vph

Ia
B
Ebph ER Ia Over Excitation
ϴ
δ ф Excitation is adjusted
A Eb > Vph
Vph

B Critical Excitation
Ebph ER

δ ϴ
A Excitation is adjusted
Ia Vph
 Synchronous condensers
A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited and, therefore,
behaves as a capacitor.
An over-excited synchronous motor running on no-load in known as Synchronous
condenser.

Synchronous Motor is over-excited it takes leading P.F. current Over Excitation

If Synchronous Motor is no NO-LOAD, where load angle δ Excitation is adjusted
Ia Eb > Vph
Ia

Ebph ER

δ Ф = 90
90

Vph
Advantages
(i)By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of
current drawn by the motor can be changed by any
amount. This helps in achieving stepless control of
power factor.
(ii)The motor windings have high thermal stability to
short circuit currents.
(iii)The faults can be removed easily.

Disadvantages
(i) There are considerable losses in the motor.
(ii) The maintenance cost is high.
 Hunting

When Synchronous motor is on NO LOAD

The stator and rotor pole axis coincide with
each other.

When Synchronous motor is LOAD the

rotor pole fall back with respect to stator.

ER2
ER
ER1 Ebph
R

δ
Load angle by which the O Vph
Synchronous motor rotor Ia1
falls back from the aim of
stator is called load angle(δ) Ia
Ia2
Causes of Hunting in Synchronous Motor
Sudden change in load.
Sudden change in field current.
A load containing harmonic torque.
Fault in supply system

Effects of Hunting in Synchronous Motor

It may lead to loss of synchronism.
Produces mechanical stresses.
Increases machine losses and cause temperature rise.
Cause greater surges in current and power flow
Reduction of Hunting in Synchronous Motor
Two techniques should be used to reduce hunting. These are –
Use of Damper Winding
It consists of low electrical resistance copper / aluminium
brush embedded in slots of pole faces in salient pole machine.
Damper winding damps out hunting by producing torque
opposite to slip of rotor. The magnitude of damping torque is
proportional to the slip speed.

Use of Flywheels :
The prime mover is provided with a large and heavy flywheel.
This increases the inertia of prime mover and helps in
maintaining the rotor speed constant.

Designing synchronous machine with suitable synchronizing

power coefficients
V curves and Inverted V curves
V curves and Inverted V curves

I Unity PF Armature Current

I

PF

Lagging PF
Leading PF
A

Normal Excitation

If
Synchronous Machines on Infinite Bus-Bars

Infinite bus-bars are those whose frequency and the phase and magnitude of
potential differences are not affected by changes in the condition of any one
machine connected to it.

The variation in excitation of a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus-

bar will cause a large change in the reactive component supplied by the alternator
and so change its power.

The increase in torque of the prime-mover of one alternator, it is further loaded and
equivalent load is removed from the other unit (s) with which the machine is
paralleled. If the output of the alternator, whose prime-mover torque has been
increased, becomes more than the total load being supplied, then the other machine
(s) will operate as synchronous motor (s).

The active and reactive power loading of an alternator operating on an infinite bus-
bar is controlled by controlling the input power to it and ecitation respectively.
Expression for Back EMF or Induced EMF per phase in Synchronous Motor

Case i : Under Excitation Eb < Vph Power factor is Lagging

Zs = Ra + jXs
ERph = IaZs
Ebph B = │Zs│∟ ϴ
Ebph
δ ϴ x δ
A
ф Vph
O ERph ᴧ Iaph = ϴ
Ia
Vph ᴧ Iaph = ф
X=ϴ-ф
Δ OAB ERph = Iaph * Zs

(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ - ф)

Ebph = ERph
Sin x Sin δ Sin δ = ERph Sin (ϴ - ф)
E bph
Expression for Back EMF or Induced EMF per phase in Synchronous Motor

Case ii : Over Excitation Eb > Vph Power factor is Leading

Zs = Ra + jXs
ERph
Ebph B Ia = │Zs│∟ ϴ
Ebph
ϴ
δ ф δ
A
O Vph
ERph ᴧ Iaph = ϴ
Vph ᴧ Iaph = ф
X=ϴ+ф
Δ OAB ERph = Iaph * Zs

(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ + ф)

Sin δ = ERph Sin (ϴ + ф)

E bph
Expression for Back EMF or Induced EMF per phase in Synchronous Motor

Case iii : Critical Excitation Eb ≡ Vph Power factor is Unity

Zs = Ra + jXs
ERph
Ebph B = │Zs│∟ ϴ
Ebph
ϴ
δ ф δ
A
O Vph
Ia ERph ᴧ Iaph = ϴ
Vph ᴧ Iaph = ф
X=ϴ+ф
Δ OAB ERph = Iaph * Zs

(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ + ф)

Ebph = ERph
Sin ϴ Sin δ Sin δ = ERph Sin ϴ
E bph
(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ ± ф)

ERph = Iaph * Zs
+ sign for lagging
Zs = Ra + jXs - sign for leading
A 400 V, 3 phase, star connected synchronous motor
has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohms per phase and
synchronous reactance of 2 ohms per phase. While
driving a certain load, it takes 25 A from the supply.
Calculate the back EMF induced in the motor if it is
working with
(i)0.8 Lagging
(ii)0.8 leading
(iii)Unity power factor conditions
 (Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ ± ф)
Given Data
VL = 400 V Star connected ERph = Iaph * Zs
Ra = 0.2 Ohms
Zs = Ra + jXs
Xs = 2 Ohms
IL = Iaph = 25 A Zs = 0.2 + j 2 Ω

Vph = VL / √3 = 2.001 ∟ 84.29

ERph = Iaph * Zs
Vph = 400 / √3
ERph = 25 * 2.001
Vph = 230.94 V
ERph = 50.025 V
(i) Cos ф = 0.8 Lagging
Ф = 36.869 ° ϴ = 84.29°

(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ ± ф)

(Ebph )2 = (230.94)2 + (50.025)2 - 2x(230.94)x(50.025) * Cos (84.29 – 36.86)

Ebph = 200.505 V Ebph < Vph

200.50 < 230.94
 (Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ ± ф)
Vph = 230.94 V ERph = 50.025 V ϴ = 84.29°

(ii) Cos ф = 0.8 Leading

Ф = 36.869 °

(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ + ф)

(Ebph )2 = (230.94)2 + (50.025)2 - 2x(230.94)x(50.025) * Cos (84.29 +36.86)

Ebph >Vph
Ebph = 252.56V
252.56 < 230.94
(iii) Cos ф = 1Unity PF
Ф = 0°

(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ + ф)

(Ebph )2 = (230.94)2 + (50.025)2 - 2x(230.94)x(50.025) * Cos (84.29 +0)

Ebph = 231.38V Ebph ≡ Vph

252.56 ≡ 230.94
A 3 phase, 500 V, synchronous motor draws a current
of 50 A from the supply while driving a certain load.
The stator is star connected with armature resistance of
0.4 ohms per phase and a synchronous reactance of 4
ohms per phase. Find the power factor at which the
motor would operate when the field current is adjusted
to give the line values of generated emf as (i) 600 V (ii)
380 V
 (Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ ± ф)
Given Data
VL = 500 V Star connected ERph = Iaph * Zs
Ra = 0.4 Ohms
Zs = Ra + jXs
Xs = 4 Ohms
IL = Iaph = 50 A Zs = 0.4 + j 4 Ω

Vph = VL / √3 = 4.019 ∟ 84.89

ϴ = 84.89° ERph = Iaph * Zs
Vph = 500 / √3
Vph = 288.67 V (i) Cos ф = ? ERph = 50 * 4.019
Ф = ?
(i) Eb LINE = 600 v ERph = 200.95 V
Ebph = Eb Line / √3 Ebph = 600 / √3
= 346.410 V
(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ ± ф)

(346.410 )2 = (288.67)2 + (200.95)2 - 2x(288.67)x(200.95) * Cos (84.89 + Ф )

Ф = 3.877 (i) Cos ф = 0.9977 Leading Ebph > Vph

Ф = 3.877 346.410 > 288.67
 (Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ ± ф)
Given Data
ERph = Iaph * Zs
Vph= VL / √3
Vph = 500 / √3 Zs = Ra + jXs

Vph = 288.67 V Zs = 0.4 + j 4 Ω

= 4.019 ∟ 84.89
(ii) Eb LINE = 380 v ϴ = 84.89° ERph = Iaph * Zs
Cos ф = ? ERph = 50 * 4.019
Ф = ?
ERph = 200.95 V
Ebph = Eb Line / √3 Ebph = 380/ √3
= 219.393 V
(Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ ± ф)

(219.393 )2 = (288.67)2 + (200.95)2 - 2x(288.67)x(200.95) * Cos (84.89 - Ф )

Ф = 34.93 Cos ф = 0.819 Lagging Ebph < Vph

Ф = 34.93 219.393 < 288.67
A 3 phase, 6600 V, star connected synchronous motor
delivers 500 kW power to the full load efficiency is
83%. Its armature resistance of 0.3 ohms per phase and
a synchronous reactance of 3.2 ohms per phase. Its
works with 0.8 leading power factor on full load.
Calculate (i) Generated EMF on full load
(ii) The load angle
Given Data
VL = 6600 V Star connected
Ra = 0.3Ohms Ƞ = Output
Input
Xs = 3.2 Ohms
Efficiency = 83 % Pin = VLILCOS ф
Pout = 500 kW
Cos ф = 0.8 leading
 (Ebph )2 = (Vph )2 + (ERph )2 - 2Vph ERph * Cos (ϴ + ф)

Sin δ = ERph Sin ϴ

E bph

(Ebph )2 = (3810.52)2 + (211.71)2 -2x(3810.52)x(211.71)*Cos (84.96 + 36.86)

Ebph = 2925.31 V

Sin δ = ERph Sin ϴ

E bph

Sin δ = (211.71)2 Sin (84.96 + 36.86)

3925.31

Sin δ = 2.63
 Zs Equivalent Circuit and torque equation

Equivalent circuit for one armature phase

Eb

Eb δ V
O
δ
IaZs
-Eb
IaXs
IaRa
Ia
V is the Vector sum of
Reversed back EMF and
Impedance drop
Load Angle δ V = -Eb +Ia Ra
 V
O A
δ 90 - ф
ф ф
IaXs

Ia
90 Eb B
C

AB = Eb Sin δ Since Stator copper losses neglected

Cos ф = AB / IaXs Pin also represents gross mechanical
Power(Pm)
AB = IaXs Cos ф
Pm= (3 V Eb Sin δ ) / Xs
AB = Eb Sin δ
T = Pm / ɷ m ɷm = (2πN )/ 60
IaXs Cos ф = Eb Sin δ
Ia Cos ф = Eb Sin δ / Xs T = (3 V Eb Sin δ )

P = V Ia Cos ф ((2πN ) / 60 )Xs

P = V Eb Sin δ / Xs T = 9.55 Pm / N

Pin =(3 V Eb Sin δ ) / Xs

For 3 phase
Torque in Synchronous Motor

Starting Torque :
This is the torque developed by the synchronous motor at start when rated
voltage is applied to the stator.
It is also called BREAK AWAY torque.
It is necessary to overcome friction and inertia

Running Torque :
It is the torque developed by the synchronous motor under running conditions.
It is decided by the OUTPUT rating of the motor and speed

Pull in Torque :
Initially Synchronous motor is rotated at a speed slightly less than the synchronous
speed. The amount of torque developed by the motor at the time of pulling into
synchronous speed is called PULL in Torque

Pull our Torque :

When the Synchronous motor is loaded, the rotor falls back with respect to stator
by an angle called load angle δ. As δ increases magnetic locking between stator
and rotor decreases.
The maximum torque developed by the synchronous motor without pulling out
of synchronous speed is called Pull out Torque
Applications of Synchronous Motors
Synchronous motor are used drive load which are at constant speed applications in
industries.
They are pumps, compressor, blowers, rolling mills, paper mills,
crushers etc.
Synchronous motor are used to drive an AC generator to generate electricity at frequency
other than supply frequency

Synchronous motor are used to improve power factor (lagging)

Synchronous motor are used to regulate the Transmission line voltage