Module 1

Licence Category B1, B2 and B3

Mathematics
1.2 Algebra
 Evaluating simple algebraic expressions
 Algebra is a branch of mathematics dealing with symbols
and the rules for manipulating those symbols
 An equation says that two things are equal it will have an
equals sign ( = ) like this:
x+2=6
ax² + bx + c

 A term is either a single number or a variable, or numbers

and variables multiplied together.

2
 Evaluating simple algebraic expressions

 Powers (exponents)
Like terms : have variables are the same

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 Addition, subtraction, multiplication

 You can add in any order you prefer

 91 + 58 + 69 = 218
 58 + 69 + 91 = 218
 The same will apply for subtraction as it does for addition
 The same is true for multiplication:

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 Use of brackets
 Parentheses or round brackets ( )
 Square brackets or box brackets[ ]
 Braces or curly brackets { }
 Priority (PEMDAS)
Please
Excuse
My Dear
Aunt Sally
 (3 + 2) × (6 − 4) = (5) × (2)
=5×2
= 10
 Without the parentheses the multiplication is done first
 3+2×6–4=
= 3 + 12 – 4
= 11 (not 10,not 7)

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 Use of brackets
 Example
 [(3 + 2) × (6 − 4) + 2] × 4
= [(5) × (2) + 2] × 4
= [10 + 2] × 4
= 12 × 4
= 48

 Multiplying out brackets: To remove brackets, we multiply them

out.
 Example 4(y - 5)
=4xy-4x5
= 4y - 20

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 Simple algebraic fractions
 Adding algebraic fractions

 Different denominators We have to construct the lowest common

multiple

 Example solve for x

+ =6
15x + 15 x = 15 x 6
5 + 3( – 2) = 90
5 + 3 – 6 = 90
8 = 90 + 6
= = 12
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 Substitution

 6 + x = 12 , x = 6
 Calculate the following expression for x = 3 and z = 2
6z + 4x = ?
6(2) +4(3) = ?
12 + 12 = 24
 Evaluate the following
6 × (5 + 3) = 6 × 8 = 48
5 x = 5 x 4 = 20
2 + 5 × 3 = 2 + 15 = 17
30÷5 × 3 = 6 × 3 = 18
 Multiplication and division rank equally, so just go left to right:
× = 2 × = =3

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 Factorizing algebraic expressions

 Factorise 6a – 9.
= 2a and =3
6a – 9 = 3(2a – 3) ; factors are (3) and (2a – 3)
 The largest factor of the expression 10 + 4x is 2, because 2 is
the largest number that divides exactly into both 10 and 4x.
; and
Therefore,
We say the expression 10 + 4x has been factorised
(the factors being 2 and (5 + 2x).
If you have revised multiplying out brackets, you can
check that the answer is correct: 2(5 + 2x) = 10 + 4x

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 Worksheet

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 Answers

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 Transposition
 Basic rules : for the purpose of solving a particular problem we changing
the subject of the formula
 A = LB, A is the subject
 C = πd, C is the subject
 S = ut + ½ a, S is the subject
 The most important concept being that whatever we do to the left-hand
side, we must also do the right hand side.
 If A = LB, transpose this formula to make L the subject.
 L=
 When the subject exists in 2 or more terms the formulae can only be
transposed correctly when the subject is taken out as a common factor.
Transpose the formula bc + c = a to make c the subject
c(b + 1) = a
c=

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 Powers and roots
 The square root of a given number is such that, when the square root is
multiplied by itself, the original number is again obtained
 The square root of 4 is 2 because 2² = 4 , 3² = 9, 5² = 25
 Instead of writing or saying ‘square root’, we write ;
 Examples:
 The square root of 16 can be written
 The cube root of 125 is 5, because 5ᶟ = 125
 Instead of writing or saying ‘cube root’, we write ;
 Examples:
 simply means the cube root of 27
 The cube root of 64 can be written
• The nth root of a given number is such when it is raised to the power n, the
original number is obtained.
• Examples:
If = y; then
If x = , then = y
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 Cont…
 If = y, make x the subject. =c
Squaring both sides: Divide through : = c
= So: x = y2 Reverse: c =
If = y, make x the subject. • So c =
Square rooting both sides: • You should note that
= So x = can be either +2 or -2
 If a=b , make c the because both and = +4
subject. • Similarly = ± 3 , and, in
Squaring both sides: = = general , = ±

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 Complex formulae
• It’s the formulae that combine several types of operation,
such as add, subtract, multiply, divide and powers and roots.

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 Examples
 Transpose v² = u² + 2fs to make u the subject.
 There are no root signs, fractions or brackets, therefore
rearrange: u² = v² – 2fs
 There are no common factors or coefficients, therefore take
roots: U =
 Transpose T = 2π to make g the subject.
 Square both sides: =
= =

 Multiply through by g:g =

 Divide through by coefficient : g =

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 Linear equations and their solutions
 A linear equation is an equation for a straight line, the variables
like x or y in linear equations do not have exponents or powers
(like the 2 in 𝑥^2) or square roots, cube roots, etc. examples:
 y = 2x + 1
 5x = 6 + 3y
 y⁄2 = 3 – x
 The most common form is the slope-intercept equation of a
straight line

Example : y = 2x + 1
Slope: m = 2
Intercept: b = 1

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 Example

𝒃
−
𝒎

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 Linear equations and their solutions

 Point-slope form: y - y1 = m(x - x1)

 General form : Ax + By + C = 0 (A and B cannot both be 0)
• 3x + 2y - 4 = 0

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 Solving linear equations

 Any statement of equality between two quantities is an equation ax + b = 0

 Example 1: Solve 2x – 4 = 10
Add +2 both sides get 2x =14
Divide both sides by 2 , get x=7
 Example 2: Solve 3x – 2 = 2x + 4
Add (2-2x) both sides get x =6

Example 2: Solve = 1
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 5, we obtain = 5
Dividing both sides of the equation by 4, we obtain = 1

 We can check our answer by substituting it back into the original equation

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 Indices and powers

 4 x 4 x 4=
 Laws:
 = , example =
 = , example =
 = , example =
 , example
 , example

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 Negative and fractional indices

 Negative indices mean how many times to divide by the

number.
 Examples:

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 Numbering Systems
Counting and arithmetic
 Base: the number system of different digits including zero in the
numbering system
 The value of the largest digit of a numbering system is one less than the
base and the value of the smallest digit of a numbering system is zero.
 Decimal, or base 10, number system‘s origin comes from counting on
the fingers has 10 digits. Digit meaning finger . from the Latin word
digitus
 Binary or base 2 has 2 digits, 0 and 1
 Octal or base 8 has 8 digits, 0 through 7
 Hexadecimal or base 16 has 16 digits, 0 through F
 = and =
 1012 = 510
 8 bits = 1 byte
 4 bytes = 1 word (in many systems)
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 Positional notation
• Ex.

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 Numbering system

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 Binary conversion
First method
[Link] using the exponents of 2 as below
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2. Look for the nearest lowest number to the number need to
convert.
3. Start subtracting it and follow with the following numbers.
4. Wherever a number is subtracted use 1 ,number not subtracted
use 0 , keeping the assigned slot

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 Binary conversion
Example
Convert 75 to binary
[Link] using the exponents of 2 as below
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2. Look for the nearest lowest number to the number need to be
converted, in this case 64.
3. Subtracting 64 the remaining is 11
4. The nearest number for 11 is 8 subtract it ,the remaining is 3.
5. The nearest number for 3 is 2 subtract it , the remaining is 1.
6 The nearest number for 1 is 1 subtract it , the remaining is 0.
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
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 Binary conversion
Second method
[Link] keep dividing the number by two , keep track for the
remainder
Example convert 75 to binary 7510 = 10010112

2 75 remaining
2 37 1 Least significant bit(LSB)

2 18 1
2 9 0
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
2
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1 Most significant bit(MSB)
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 Binary
 The simplest possible number system is the binary, or base 2,
system
Multiply the 0.687 Get the
fraction 5 integer
only 2 only
2 X 0.6875 = 1.375 1
2 X 0.375 = 0.75 0
2 X 0.75 1.5 1
2 X 0.5 1.0 1
2X0 0.0

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 Addition and subtraction of binary numbers

 Addition For example, 110 + 110 + 110 = 3 ,while in binary

becomes 12 + 12 + 12 = 112
 In the same way, 310 – 110 = 210 , while in binary becomes 112
– 12 = 102
 Key addition results for binary numbers
 Example
Add 1012 + 1112

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 Key subtraction results for binary numbers
Examples :

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 Octal
• The octal, or base 8, number system is a common system used
with computers
• Convert decimal to Octal by keep dividing by 8 and keep
record of remaining
• Example covert 343 to octal 343 = 527
10 8
343
8 42 7 Least significant bit(MSB)

8 5 2
8 0 5 Most significant bit(MSB)

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 Octal

• Convert Octal to decimal by keep multiplying with

exponents of 8 and add them up
84 83 82 81 80
4096 512 64 8 1

• Example convert 56728 to decimal

5 6 7 2 x
83 82 81 80 sum
2560 384 56 2 3002

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 Octal binary conversion

• Convert Octal to binary by replacing the number by three

digits in binary only
• Example convert 7438= 111100011
7 4 3
4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

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 Example

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 Hexadecimal
• Hexadecimal (hex) The name is derived from the fact the
system uses 16 symbols.
• In the hex system A, B, C, D, E, and F, each have a definite
value as shown below:

• Powers of 16 are used for the positional values of a number

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 Octal
• The octal, or base 8, number system is a common system used
with computers
• Convert decimal to Hexadecimal by keep dividing by 16 and
keep record of remaining
• Example covert 3527 decimal to Hex 352710= DC716
3527
16 220 7 7 Least significant bit(MSB)

16 13 12 C
16 0 13 D Most significant bit(MSB)

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 Hexadecimal binary conversion

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 Octal hexadecimal conversion

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 23 22 21 20
Binary-coded decimal 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 A 1 0 1 0
11 B 1 0 1 1
12 C 1 1 0 0
13 D 1 1 0 1
14 E 1 1 1 0
15 F 1 1 1 1
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 Standard form
• To multiply a decimal fraction by 10 the decimal point is moved
one place to the right, by 100 two places to the right and so on.
• To divide a decimal fraction by 10, the decimal point is moved
one place to the left and to divide by 100, two places to the left.
• Standard form is a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10
raised to a poweri.ecm2
• Example 43.7 in standard form will be
• Example 0.0437 in standard form will be 4.37 x
• When a number is written in standard form, the number is called
the mantissa and the factor by which it is multiplied the
exponent
4 x + 5.6 x = 9.6 x

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 Standard exponents

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 Complex numbers

• Consider the equations 1 and 2 below.

 Equation 1
x² – 1 = 0
x² = 1
 Equation 2
x² + 1 = 0
x² = -1

• A complex number is one of the form a + bi, where a and b

are real numbers. a is called the real part of the complex
number, and b is called the imaginary part

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 Complex arithmetic
• 3 + 5 = 8 and 5 + 3 = 8.

Addition and subtraction

• (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i.
• (a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + (b – d)i.

Multiplication
• (a + bi) x (c + di) = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i
Example: (2 + 3i) (4 + 7i)
2x4 + 2x7i + 4x3i + 3x7x i²
8 + 14i + 12i + 21x(- 1)
(8 – 21) + (14 + 12)i
- 13 + 26i.
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 Division

• Conjugates are important because of the fact that a complex

number times its conjugate is real; i.e., its imaginary part is
zero.
• (a + bi) (a – bi) = (a² + b²) + 0i = a² + b²

Number Conjugate Product

2 + 3i 2 - 3i 4 + 9 = 13
3 - 5i 3 + 5i 9 + 25 = 34
4i - 4i 16

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 Hours, minutes, seconds

• 1 day = 24 hours
• 1 hour = 60 minutes
• 1 minute = 60 seconds
• 1 day = 24 x 60 minutes
= 1440 minutes
• 1 day = 24×60×60 seconds
= 86400 seconds

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 Adding hours and minutes

 Example 1: What is 2:45 + 1:10?

• Add the Hours: 2 + 1 = 3
• Add the Minutes: 45 + 10 = 55
= 3:55
 Example 2 : what is 2:45 + 1:20?
•Add the Hours: 2 + 1 = 3
•Add the Minutes: 45 + 20 = 65
•The minutes are 60 or more, so subtract 60 from
minutes (65−60 = 5 Minutes) and add 1 to Hours (3+1 = 4
Hours)
•The answer is 4:05

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 Subtracting hours and minutes
 Subtract the hours
 Subtract the minutes
 If the minutes are negative, add 60 to the minutes and subtract 1 from hours.
 Example 1 : What is 4:10 – 1:05 ?
• Subtract the Hours: 4 − 1 = 3
• Subtract the Minutes: 10 − 5 = 5
• The answer is 3:05
 Example 2 : What is 4:10 – 1:35?
• Subtract the Hours: 4 − 1 = 3
• Subtract the Minutes: 10 − 35 = -25
• The minutes are less than 0, so:
• Add 60 to minutes (-25 + 60 = 60 − 25 = 35 minutes)
• And subtract 1 from hours (3 − 1 = 2 hours)
The answer is 2:35

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 Degrees, minutes, seconds

• The units of angle are the basic degree (°), minutes (') and
seconds (").
• 1 degree = 60 minutes ==> 1° = 60'
• 1 minute = 60 seconds ==> 1' = 60’’
Converting decimal to minutes and seconds
 Example 1: Convert 45.7° to degrees and minutes.
•45.7° = 45° (0.7 x 60)' = 45° 42'
 Example 1: Convert 45.78° to degrees, minutes and seconds
•45.78° = 45° 46.8' = 450 46' (0.8 x 60)" = 45° 46' 48"

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 Converting minutes and seconds to decimal

• Convert them separately by dividing by 60.

• One degree is equal to 60 minutes and equal to 3600 seconds:
• 1° = 60' = 3600“
• 1' = 1/60° = 0.01666667°
• 1" = 1/3600° = 0.000277778°
Example: Convert 30 degrees 15 minutes and 50 seconds to
decimal degrees:
• 30° 15' 50"
• dd = d + M/60 + S/3600
= 30° + 15'/60 + 50"/3600
= 30.263888889°
30.264°
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 Adding degrees, minutes, seconds

• The method to add degrees, minutes and seconds is

similar to the method used to add time (hours and
minutes).

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 Example
• What is 02° 04‘ 05" + 01° 01‘ 05" ?
• Add the degrees: 02+01 = 03
• Add the minutes: 04+01 = 05
• Add the seconds: 05+05 = 10

• The minutes and seconds are OK (not 60 or

over), so the answer is 03° 05‘10" ‖

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 Example
• What is 20° 45‘ 12" + 12° 20‘ 10" ?
• Add the degrees: 20+12 = 32
• Add the minutes: 45+20 = 65
• Add the seconds: 12+10 = 22
• The minutes are 60 or more, so subtract 60
from minutes (65−60 = 05 minutes) and add 1
to degrees (32+01 = 33 degrees)
• So the answer is 33° 05‘ 22"

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 Subtracting degrees, minutes, seconds
• What is 04° 10‘ 12" - 01° 08‘ 05" ‖?
• Subtract the degrees: 04−01 = 03
• Subtract the minutes: 10−08 = 02
• Subtract the seconds: 12−05 = 07

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 Example
• What is 34° 10‘ 16" - 20° 18‘ 15" ‖?
• Subtract the degrees: 34−20 = 14
• Subtract the minutes: 10−18 = -08
• Subtract the seconds: 16−15 = 01
• The minutes are negative, so add 60 to
minutes (-08+60 = 52)and subtract 1 from
degrees
• The seconds are OK (not negative),
So the answer is 13° 52‘ 01" ‖
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 Latitude and longitude
 Latitude and longitude are angles that uniquely define points on a
sphere.
 Together, the angles comprise a coordinate scheme that can locate
or identify geographic positions on the surfaces of planets such as
the earth.
 Latitude is represented by a numerical system using degrees (°),
minutes (‘) and seconds (“), from the equator.
 With the letters N and S denoting whether the measurement is
North from the equator, or South from the equator, respectively.
 Longitude is also represented by a numerical system using degrees
(°), minutes (‘) and seconds (“), from the Prime Meridian,
 With the letters E and W denoting whether the measurement is
East from the Prime Meridian, or West from the Prime Meridian,
respectively.

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 Eiffel Tower (Paris)
• 48° 51' 29'' N, 02° 17' 41'' E

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 Rounding, significant figures, and
decimal places
• Rounding: it is the process of reducing the
number of significant digits in a number.
• The result of rounding is a shorter number
having fewer non-zero digits yet similar in
magnitude.
• The result is less precise but easier to use.

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 Methods of rounding

 Decide which is the last digit to keep.

 Increase it by 1 if the next digit is 5 or more (this is called rounding
up).
 Leave it the same if the next digit is 4 or less (this is called rounding
down).
 Examples:
 3.044 rounded to hundredths is 3.04 (because the next digit, 4, is less
than 5).
 3.045 rounded to hundredths is 3.05 (because the next digit, 5, is 5 or
more).
 For negative numbers, the absolute value is rounded.
 −2.1349 rounded to hundredths is −2.13
 −2.1350 rounded to hundredths is −2.14
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 Significant figures
• Rules of significant figures
• All non-zero digits are significant
• 123.45‘ has five significant figures: 1,2,3,4 and 5.
• Zeros appearing in between two non-zero digits
are significant
• 101.12‘ has five significant figures: 1,0,1,1,2

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 Cont…
• All zeros appearing to the right of an
understood decimal point or non-zeros
appearing to the right of a decimal after the
decimal point are significant.
• ‘12.2300‘ has six significant figures: 1,2,2,3,0
and 0.

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 Cont…
• All zeros appearing in a number without a
decimal point and to the right of the last non-
zero digit are not significant unless indicated
by a bar.
• ‘1300‘ has two significant figures: 1 and 3. The
zeros are not considered significant because
they do not have a bar. However, 1300.0 has
five significant figures.

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 Simultaneous equations
• There are two methods of solving simultaneous
equations:
• Solving by substitution
• Solving by elimination

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 Example

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 Solution by substitution

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 Example

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 Solution by elimination

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 Cont…

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 Quadratic (second degree) equations

• Because the quadratic equation involves only one

unknown, it is called ―univariate‖.
• Quadratic equations can be solved by a process
known as Factorising (or factoring), or by using the
Quadratic Formula

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 Example

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 Solution by Factorising
• – 4x + 3 = 0
• We require two numbers the sum of which is -
4 (the coefficient of x) and the product of
which is 3 (the constant term).
• – 4x + 3 = 0
• (x – 3) (x – 1) = 0
• (x – 3) = 0 or (x – 1) = 0 x = 3 or x = 1

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 Logarithms
• How to write it

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 Cont…
• The number we are multiplying is called the
base‖, so we can say:
• The logarithm of 8 with base 2 is 3‖
• or log base 2 of 8 is 3‖
• or the base-2 log of 8 is 3‖
• If = x then =y
• =0
• =1
• =2
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 Exponents and logarithms

• In this example:= 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
• (2 is used 3 times in a multiplication to get 8)

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 Cont…
• So a logarithm answers a question like this:

• The logarithm tells us what the exponent is!

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 Common logarithms
• Logarithms having a base of 10 are called common
logarithms and log10 is often abbreviated to (ln).
• Logarithms having a base of e (where ‘e‘ is a
mathematical constant approximately equal to
2.7183) are called hyperbolic or natural logarithms,
and loge is often abbreviated to (ln).

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 Rules of logarithms

• To multiply two numbers:

• To divide two numbers:

• To raise a number to a power:

• Special properties of logarithms:

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 ANY QUESTIONS?
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 THE END

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