Maglev Trains
Table of Contents:
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Basic Principle
• Working
• Applications/Uses
• Advantages and Disadvantages
Abstract:
The term “Levitation” refers to a class of technologies that uses magnetic
levitation to propel vehicles with magnets rather than with wheels, axles and
bearings. Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) uses magnetic levitation to
propel vehicles. Maglev has become the fastest growing technology in the field of
railways infrastructure.
Introduction:
MAGLEV (derived from magnetic levitation) uses magnetic levitation to propel vehicles with
magnets rather than with wheels, axles and bearings. With maglev, a vehicle is levitated a short
distance away from a guide way using magnets to create both lift and thrust. Maglev trains move
more smoothly and somewhat more quietly than wheeled mass transit systems.
Along with the increase of population and expansion in living zones, automobiles and air services
cannot afford mass transit anymore. Accordingly, demands for innovative means of public
transportation have increased.
In order to appropriately serve the public, such a new-generation transportation system must meet
certain requirements such as rapidity, reliability, and safety. While a conventional train drives
forward by using friction between wheels and rails, the Maglev train replaces wheels by
electromagnets and levitates on the guideway, producing propulsion force electromechanically
without any contact.
Basic Principles:
“Maglev is a system in which the vehicle runs levitated from the guide way by
using electromagnetic forces between superconducting magnets on board
the vehicle and coils on the ground.”
Working:
Magnetic Levitation:
Permanent Magnets: The maglev train is equipped with powerful permanent
magnets or superconducting magnets on its underside.
Guideway Magnets: The guideway or track contains electromagnetic coils or
powerful magnets with a polarity that repels the magnets on the train.
Levitation Process: When the train moves over the track, the repulsive force
between the magnets on the train and the track causes the train to levitate a few
inches above the guideway.
Stabilization:
Control Systems: Sophisticated control systems monitor and adjust the electromagnetic forces to
ensure stable levitation, controlling the height and lateral stability of the train.
Sensors: Sensors on the train continuously gather data about its position, speed, and the distance
to the track, providing real-time feedback to the control system.
Propulsion:
Linear Induction Motors (LIM): Mounted on the sides or underneath the train are linear
induction motors. These motors use the principles of electromagnetic induction to create a
magnetic field that propels the train forward.
Alternating Current (AC): The guideway coils are supplied with alternating current, creating
a magnetic field that interacts with the magnets on the train, generating a forward or
backward force.
Guidance System:
Magnetic Sensors: The train is equipped with magnetic sensors that detect variations in
the magnetic field of the track. This information is used to keep the train properly aligned on
the track.
Computer Control: The onboard computer system processes the sensor data and adjusts
the magnetic forces to maintain the train's position on the track.
Braking System:
Regenerative Braking: To slow down or stop, the train can reverse the polarity of its magnets
or adjust the magnetic field. This creates a braking force that is also used to generate
electricity, enhancing energy efficiency.
Applications/Uses:
Magnetic trains are primarily used for high-speed intercity transportation, connecting major urban
centers. They are suitable for regions with straight and level tracks, making them ideal for specific
applications such as airport shuttles and rapid transit systems.
Advantages:
1. Elimination of wheel and track wear provide a good amount of reduction in maintenance costs
2. Distributed weight-load reduces the construction costs of the guideway
3. The absence of wheels removes much noise and vibration
4. Noncontact system prevents it from slipping and sliding in operation
5. Accomplishes acceleration and deceleration quickly
6. Makes it possible to eliminate gear, coupling, axles, bearings, and so on
Disadvantages:
1. High initial costs
2. Limited infrastructure
3. Can be harmed by natural disasters
4. Potential safety concerns.
Subject: Appl.
Physics
Submitted by:
Name Sap
Kaniyan Ahmad 70145639
Mian Abdullah 70145364
Mariah Qaisar 70145690
Khawla Azhar 70145895
Rimsha Shahzad 70145562
Muhmmad Sharjeel 70147061
Submitted to: Sir Shaukat Hayat