The Natural

Setting and
Its People
1. How the Earth
was in the
Beginning?
The Beginning Of Earth
In the beginning, God created
heaven and the earth (Genesis
1.1). God created the man in his
own image, male and female:
Adam and Eve, the first man
and woman that became the
progenitors of mankind.
In Filipino mythology, creation stories were
popularized by various tribal groups of the
islands. Bathala(god of the sky). Aman
Sinaya(goddess of the sea),• and
Amihan(Northeast wind) were the only
beings that existed. The stop of "Malakas”
and Maganda ”. Based on Visayan legend,
there was a mythical bird named (Manaul).
searching for a place to rest but cannot to
find one. The Gods, asserting their might
in answering the birds request, showed
their strength. The God of the sea created
tidal waves to bit the sky.
Legend and Myths at times provide a
financial counter part to actual
explanations of things and events.
The legend of Bernardo Carpio,
called Hari ng mga tagalog(King of all
tagalog) prevents an imaginative
explanation of how the country was
shaken by earthquakes . The
analytical study of geology
commenced with the publication of
James Hutton
 James Hutton
The analytical study of geology
commenced with the publication
of James Hutton's Theory of the
Earth in 1795. 1726-1797 he is a
British geologist formulated the
remained constant. Taking the
hydrologic cycle for instance,
condensation always precede
precipitation.
Process such as volcanism and
erosion that have caused
changes the earth's surface
have been operating in the same
manner over a very long period
of time.
He rejected the theory of
Cotastrophism which was
prevailing belief during his time.
 Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)
British geologist advocated support for
Wegener's Theory in 1928. He proposed
that the convection currents within the
earth's mantle driven by radioactive heat
might have caused the mechanism for
continental drift. In the 1950’s, scientist
began oceanographic research which
revealed the phenomenon known as
seafloor spreading. In the 1960's, the
theory of plate tectonic was established.
Pangea begun breaking up
approximately 200 or 250
years ago, earlier into a
northern portion which
named laurasia and a
southern portion, termed
Gondwanaland by the
Austria geologist Eduard
Suess.
 Arthur Holmes (1890-1965)
British Geologist, advocated support
for Wegeners theory in [Link]
proposed that the convection
currents within earth’ mantle driven
by radioactive heat might have
caused the mechanism for
continental drift.
2. The Geological
Foundation of
the Philippines
 The planet earth is between 4.6 and 4.8 billion
years BP. The First Dinosaurs were believed to
have appeared around 225 million years ago.
The Philippine soil is composed of numerous
rocks which came from regions far from the
archipelago s present location. lt was during the
tertiary period ( 4 million years BP) of the
Cenozoic era that the land structure of the
Philippines was defined as looking like a nymph
lying across the ocean. In the northern part, the
Phil. Archipelago was believed to adjoined to
Formosa(now Taiwan) during the Eocene(53-54
million years BP) And Oligocene Epoch(37-38
million years BP).
 However , the Formosan connection was
severed during the Miocene Epoch(26 million
years BP). As a connection with other areas
changed, the internal structure of the
archipelago also underwent changes with
the flattening of the crustal surface of the
higher grounds during the Pliocene Epoch(7-
13 million years BP).
Pleistocene Epoch(1.6""" million-10,000
years BP), the first division of the quaternary
period, is the epoike the prior to the
Holocene Epoch(10,000 years BP to the
present).
 A some historians claim
that the Philippines is a
remnant of a lost
continent in the pacific
called Mu or Lemuria, the
other remnants are
Marianas and other mid-
pacific islands.
The adherents of the PACIFIC or
MAGNETIC THEORY say that the
Philippines came into existence
after the eruptions of volcanoes
beneath the pacific ocean the
pacific ocean. Sheets melted,
causing the sea level to rise and
submerge the land bridges that
had connected the Philippines
and the Asian mainland.
During the glacial periods,
ocean levels were much
lower, thereupon, exposing
the Sunda She/f and the
Sahul Snell. These are
extensions of continents
otherwise known as
continental shelves.
 [Link]
Archipelago'
s Name
 During the Sung Dynasty with Chau
Jukua, a Chinese trade traditional
official in 982 A.D. the Philippines was
referred as Ma-Yi. Chau Jukua gave a
detailed account of his travel to
various part of the islands in 1225. In
1521, Ferdinand Magellan named the
islands as ISLAS DE SAN LAZARO
(Archipelagos of st. Lazaros).
 King Filip II
The name Philippines came
from the word FILIPINAS given
by the Spanish navigator Lopez
Ruy De v'i//a/obos in 1543 in
honor of Prince Philip Of
AStUrias, Who became King
Philip II, successor to king
Charles.
 Fr. Juan J. Delgado
The word Filipinas was at first
given by Villalobos's men to
refer to Leyte and Samar. Later
it was given to the whole
archipelago. In 1752, Fr. Juan
J. Delgado, a Jesuit historian
called, Pearl of the Orient it
became a rich outlet of Asia.
 Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Dr. Jose P. Rizal, the
country s foremost her, gave
the name Peart of the Orient
Seas to his native land on
the eve of his execution in
1896.
 Giovanni Battista
The name FILIPINAS first
appeared in a rare map
published in Venice in
1554 by Giovanni
Battista Ramusio, an
Italian geographer.
 Artemio Ricarte
Artemio Ricarte, a
katipunan general,
wanted to be called the
islands as Rizaline
Republic, after Jose Rizal.
 Ferdinand Marcos
Former President Ferdinand
Marcos proposed the name
Mahartika (also name of his
guerilla group in world war
II) after his dream of making
this nation great again.
4. Geography
and
Resources
 The Philippines, found in the western pacific
ocean, has an astronomical is location of 4°23
-21°25’ N Latitude and 116°-127°E Longitude.
It is situated in the southern portion of Asia.
Because of it's central location far East, The
Philippines has been dubbed as the "Crossroad
of the Pacific '. The country is consist of 7,107
islands and islets with the total land area of
300 000 square kilometers Manila is the
CapitaLand largest city of the country. In 1948,
Quezon City was declared as the capital of the
Phil. but on may 29, 1976, President
Ferdinand Marcos Decree No. 940 returned the
national capital to manila (a nation capital
since 1595).
 Luzon, the biggest of the three major
geographical groups, has an area of 142 395
square kilometers. Visayas has an area of
56,606 s uare kilometers. Mindanao has an
area of 101,999 square kilometers. The
northern most point of the country is Y'Ami
Isle, which is 78 miles from Taiwan. The
Southern most point is Salaug Isle, only 34
miles East of Borneo. The Country has 17
Regions which include the Ilocos Region,
Cagayan Region, Central Luzon, Southern
Tagalog, (CALABARZON and MIMAROPA).
 Philippine Resources
Tamaraw or Bubalus Mindorensis — Which looks like a
dwarf Carabao found in Mindoro.
Tarsier - The smallest monkey in the world found in
Bohol.
Calamian Deer - Calamian Deer or Cervus
Calamianensis — (Pilandok) found in Palawan, the
world's smallest deer also called a mouse deer.
Gianth Moth - There are about 25 000 s ecies of insects
in the islands, the largest insect in the country is the
Giant Moth (Attacus Atlas), with a wingspan of
Philippines one foot
Falconet - Other interesting birds in the Philippines is
Philippine Falconet, only six and a half centimeters long,
may fairly common on Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro and
Visayas.
 There are 2,140 species of Philippine
fishes, among the commercially known
fish found in numerous fishing
grounds are the following:
Bangus (Milkfish)
Dalag (Mudfish)
Dilis (Anchovy)
Lapu-lapu (Sea brass)
Galunggung (roung scad)
Tanguingi (Mackerel)
Tamban (Indian Sardines)
Bariles
 Tawilis (Harenguela Tawilis)- found in Taal
Lake, Batangas. Sinarapan (Mestichthys
Luzonensis) — Found in date buhi and lake
bato, Camarines Sur 1-1.4 centimeter Pygmy
Goby (Pandaka Pygmea)- also known as
Tabios and the world's seas smallest
vertibrate which ranges from 7.5-11
milliliters, found in Navotas and Malabon
rivers. Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus)-
found in nearby seas of the Donsol and
South-Eastern part of Luzon. The largest
confirmed individual had a length (45.50 ft)
and a weight of more than 21.5 metric tons
(47,000 lb)
 Beautiful Landmarks
Banaue Rice Terraces
The Banaue Rice Terraces (Filipino: Hagdan-
hagdang PalByan ng Banawe} are 2,000-year-old
tRrraces that were carved into the mountains of If
ao in thePhilipgines by ancestors of the indigenous
people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to
by Filipinos as the "Eiqhth Wonder of thR World". It
is commonly thought that the terraces were built
with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The
terraces are located approximately 1500 metres
(5000 ) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient
irri‹jaiot n system from the rainforests above the
terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to
end, it would encircle half the globe.
 Beautiful Landmarks
Chocolate Hills
The Chocolate Hills is a geological formation in Bohol
Province Phili ines. There are at least 1,2 0 hills but there
may be as many as 1,776 hills spread over an area of
more than 50 square kilometres (20 sq mi). They are
covered in green grass that turns brown (like hncoIate)
during the dry season, hence the name. The Chocolate
Hills is a famous tourist atraction of Bohol. They are
featured in the provincial flag and seal to symbolize the
abundance of natural attractions in the [Link] are
in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist
destinations in the Philippines; they have been declared
the country's third National Geological Monument
proposed for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage
List.
 Beautiful Landmarks
Mayon Volcano
Mayon volcano is also known as Mount Mayon is
an active volcano in the province of Albay, on the is
and of Luzon in the Philippines. Renowned as the
"perfect cone" because of its almost symmetric
conical have, the mountain was declared a national
ark and rotected lands are on July 20, 1938, the
first in the county. it was reclassified a Natural
Park and renamed Mayon Volcano natural park in
the year 2002. Local Philippine folklore refers to the
volcano as Bulkang Mayon ("Mayon volcano"), after
the legendary heroine Daraqanq Maqayon
("Beautiful Lady") List.
 Other Resources
The Malampaya Deepwater Gas-to-Power project is
the first undertaking of its find in the Philippines
employing state-of-the-art deepwater technology to
draw natural gas from deep beneath Philippine waters.
The indigenous gas fuels three natural gas-hired
power stations with a total generating capacity of
2,700 megawatts to provide 40-45a of Luzon's power
generation requirements. Since October 2001, the
Philippines has been importing less fuel for power
generation, providing the country foreign-exchange
savings and energy security from this clean fuel.

Natural gas has the least CO2 among fossil fuels and
is more efficient than other sources of power like coal
and crude oil.
 Other Resources
Pterocarpus indices (Amboine, Pashu Padauk, Malay
Paduak, New Guinea Rosewood, or ambiguously, "Narra"
which can refer to several Pterocarp is species) is a
species of Pterocarpus native to southeastern Asia,
northern Australasia, and the western Pacific
Oceanislands, in Cambodia, southernmost China, East
Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the
Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, the Solomon Islands,
Thailand, and Vietnam. Other names include /\larva
(Philippines), Sonokembang (Indonesia). An gsana or
Sepia(Indonesia, Malaysia and Sinqapore), Snug
(Cambodia). Pterocarpus f”ndfCoS was one of the two
species (the other being EYsenhardtla poJystacha) used
as a source for the 16th to 18th-century traditional
diuretic known as i/g mu i›eyhrilic inn.
 Other Resources

Many populations of
Pterocarpus indicus are
seriously threatened. It is
extinct in Vietnam and possibly
in Sri Lanka and the Peninsular
Malaysia. It is the national tree
of the Philippines.
 Other Resources
\Malungay or Moringa oleifera is the most widely
cultivated species of the genus \Jn qa, which is the
Only genus in the family MOringaceae. English
common names include: moringa, drumstick tree
(from the appearance of the long, slender,
trianguiar seed-pods), horseradish tree from the
taste of the roots, which resembles hui seracl ish),
ben oil tree or benzoil tree from tne oil which is
derived from the seeds). It is a fast-growing, aruuc!
I- resistant tree, native to the southern foothills of
the Hin alavas in northwestern India, and widely
cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical areas where
its young seed pods and leaves are used as a
vegetable.
 Other Resources
\Malungay or Moringa oleifera is the most widely
cultivated species of the genus \Jn qa, which is the
Only genus in the family MOringaceae. English
common names include: moringa, drumstick tree
(from the appearance of the long, slender,
trianguiar seed-pods), horseradish tree from the
taste of the roots, which resembles hui seracl ish),
ben oil tree or benzoil tree from tne oil which is
derived from the seeds). It is a fast-growing, aruuc!
I- resistant tree, native to the southern foothills of
the Hin alavas in northwestern India, and widely
cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical areas where
its young seed pods and leaves are used as a
vegetable.
5. Country’s
Climate
 The Philippine is situated at the torrid
zone, has a tropical climate with a mean
annual temperature of about 27OC (about
80•F). Mountain slopes and peaks found in
in lake buhi and lake bato are cooler. The
country has two seasons the dry and wet,
In most Of the islands, rainy occurs from
May to November. Duri•9 this period, the
wind blows from southwest. Often, the
country experiences typhoons from the
months of June to October. The Dry
season occurs from December to April,
when the wind blows from the northwest.
 When typhoon signal no. 2 is hoisted, classes
at the pre-school, elementary and secondary
levels in all public and private schools are
automatically suspended. In 2007, the
National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC)
issued a memorandum starting the
information from the Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAG-ASA) could be use as
basis to recommended decisions to the
Department of Education (DepEd) and
Commission on Higher Education(CHED)
concerning suspension of classes.
6. The Filipino
People
In 2002, Philippine population is estimated
at 78 million. The Filipino people is a
harmonious mixture of diversity and
homogeneity. Filipinos are blends of their
forefathers from la/ay Chinese, Negrito,
Indian, European and American lineage.
The Intermarriage of a Filipino and
Foreigner did happen, owing to the
strategic location of the country to
southeast Asian neighbors and the colonial
rule of Spain and American.
 The intermingling of people resulting to
adaption of different cultures made the
country a melting pot of people and
culture. Since the 19th century, Filipinos
have been referred to as the Christianized
Malays who constitute the bulk of the
population. The Cebuanos, Ilonggos, and
Waray-waray comprise a big number
among the Visayans. The Ilocanos are
considered the 3rd biggest group, they live
particularly in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and
La Union but many have migrated locally
and abroad.
 The Isnegs, like the Kalingas tattoo their
bDdies as a status symbol, The earliest
residents of Apayao Province (Cordillera
Administrative Region) and one of the
remaining tribes in Luzon, the Isneg are a
small ethnaliguistic group inhabiting the
wide mountains of the area. The Igorots
live on root crops grown in their yard and
on wild pigs, deer and the tribesman. The
Aetas have already established their
intimate relationship with the woodlands
as forest foragers and hunters.
 Filipino (Formerly spelled
Pilipino) is the national
language of the people although
a good number of them are
conversant in English. The
English language is commonly
used for government,
commercial and instructional
purpose.
7. Theories and
Origin of
Filipinos
 The Migration Theory
The Migration Theory of Henry
Otley Beyer, regarding the
peopling of archipelago became
the most widely known version
in Philippine prehistoric,..
According to him, The ancestors
of Filipinos came in wave of
migration.
 \First to reach the Archipelagos was the caveman
’Dawn Man" for he emerge on the islands at the
dawn of time. Beyer's Migration Theory became
popular and unquestioned for quite a number of
years.
Presently, the so-called Wave Of Migration is now
being dismissed. Southeast Asia people shared
many customs and traditions with out any ethnic
group the Asian in habitants anti ethnic groups. In
place of migration theory, modern scholars suggest
the so-called CORE POPULATION THEORY.
According to this theory, the habitants of the
Philippines consist of a core population to w/c
came accretions of people who moved in from the
region.
 The movements of people who moved in
from the region. The movements of people
were erratic rather than in sequential
waves. They used similarity fashioned
tools, pottery and ornaments.' and upheld
common beliefs and Etna/s. If there were
some differences, these may be due to
some factors like adaption to the
environment. Furthermore, the immigrants
did not come into the archipelago in a fixed
period of time nor with a definite
destination.
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