Polynomials
Class IX
Polynomials : poly means “Many” and nomial means “Terms”.
Polynomials : A polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of indeterminates
(also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables.
For example (x-1)(x-2) and x2-3x+2 are two polynomial expressions that represent the same
polynomials; so one has the equality (x-1)(x-2) = x2-3x+2
Degree of Polynomial : The exponent on an indeterminate in a term is called the degree of
that indeterminate in that term.
Degree of polynomial in two or more variables :
the degree of the term is the sum of the degrees of the indeterminates in that term, and the
degree of a polynomial is the largest degree of any term with nonzero coefficient.
Type of Polynomials :
Constant Polynomial: Degree 0 P(x) = 5
Linear Polynomial: Degree 1 P(x) = 3x-2
Quadratic Polynomial: Degree 2 P(x) = 2x2+5x+1
Cubic Polynomial: Degree 3 P(x) = x3−3x2+2x
Quartic Polynomial: Degree 4. P(x) = x4-3x3+7x+2
Quintic Polynomial: Degree 5.../
Value of a polynomial :
The value of a polynomial f(x) at x = a is obtained by substituting x = a in the given polynomial
and is denoted by f(a).
Consider the polynomial, p(x) = 5x3-2x2+3x-2
If we replace x by 1 everywhere in p(x), we get
P(1) = 5*(1)3-2(1)2+3(1)-2 = 4.
So, we say that the value of p(x) at x = 1 is 4. Similarly,
P(0) = 5(0)3-2*(0)2+3(0)-2 = -2
Example : If x = 4/3 is a root of the polynomial f(x) = 6x 3 – 11x2 +kx – 20, then find the
value of k ?
Example : If x = 2 and x = 0 are roots of the polynomials f(x) = 2x 3 – 5x2 + ax + b.
Find the values of a and b ?
Basic Operations with polynomials : The sum of two polynomials can be found by
grouping like power terms, retaining their signs and adding the coefficients of like powers.
Like Terms : Terms having same literal coefficients are called like terms, otherwise they are
called unlike terms.
Eg : In -9y2, the numerical coefficient is -9 and literal coefficient is y2.
Eg : 6a2, -b2, -4ab are unlike terms.
Add : (4a3-5a2+6a-3), (2+8a2-3a3), (9a-3a2+2a3+a4), (1-2a-3a3)
Multiplication of Monomials :
Product of monomials = (product of their numerical coefficients) * (product of their variable parts)
Division of polynomial by a monomial :
Let us divide, 4x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 by 2x2
4x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 / 2x2 = 2x2 + x + 1.
Division algorithm for polynomial :
P(x) = d(x).q(x) + r(x)
Here, dividend = p(x), divisor = d(x), qotient = q(x) and remainder = r(x )
Division of a polynomial by a polynomial :
Steps 1 : arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order of their
degrees.
Step 2 : divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of divisor to obtain the
first term of the quotient.
Step 3 : Multiply all the terms of the divisor by the first term of the quotient and
subtract the result from the dividend.
Step 4 : consider the remainder as new dividend and proceed as before.
Step 5 : repeat this process till we obtain a new remainder which is either 0 or a
polynomial of degree less than that of the divisor.
Factor of a polynomial : A factor is a number that will divide into another number
Without a remainder.
Factorization :
Type 1 : Factorization of an expression when all the terms have a common factor.
When each term of an expression has a common factor, we divide each term of the expression by
this factor and take it out as a multiple, as shown below :
Eg : 8a2b3c4 – 14a2b3c2
Eg : ax+by-cx-ay+cy-bx
Factorization by grouping terms : the terms of the expression may be grouped so as to
have a common factor.
Eg : 3ax- 30cz- 5az- 175by + 42cy + 75bx - 18cx + 7ay + 125bz
Type 3 : factorization by making a trinomial a perfect square
WKT : (a+b)2 = (a+b)(a+b) = a2+2ab+b2
(a-b)2 = (a-b)(a-b) = a2-2ab+b2
Eg : x(x-2)(x-4) + 4x – 8
= x(x-2)(x-4) +4(x-2)
= x-2[x(x-4) + 4]
= (x-2)[x2 -4x + 4]
= (x-2)(x-2)2
= (x-2)3
Type 4 : Factorization by using the formula for the difference of two square by
formula
Sometimes an expression is neither a perfect square nor it can be expressed as a 2-b2 then we add an
appropriate expression to it and subtract the same so as the value of the original expression does
not change.
Eg - factorize : x2 – 1 – 2a – a2
x2 – (1+2a+a2)
x2 – (1+a)2
[x + (1+a)] [x – (1+a)]
[x+1+a] [x-1-a]
Eg : 81x4 – 256y4
Type 5 : By splitting the middle term