TRIGONOMETRY

Angles, Arc length, Conversions

Angle measured in standard position.
Initial side is the positive x – axis which is fixed.
Terminal side is the ray in quadrant II, which is free
to rotate about the origin. Counterclockwise rotation
is positive, clockwise rotation is negative.
Coterminal Angles: Angles that have the same terminal side.
60°, 420°, and –300° are all coterminal.
Degrees to radians: Multiply angle by   . 60       radians
180 180 3

180  180 
. 4    45

Radians to degrees: Multiply angle by

Note: 1 revolution = 360° = 2π radians.

Arc length = central angle x radius, or s  r.

Note: The central angle must be in radian measure.
Right Triangle Trig Definitions
B

c
a

A
C b

• sin(A) = sine of A = opposite / hypotenuse = a/c

• cos(A) = cosine of A = adjacent / hypotenuse = b/c
• tan(A) = tangent of A = opposite / adjacent = a/b
• csc(A) = cosecant of A = hypotenuse / opposite = c/a
• sec(A) = secant of A = hypotenuse / adjacent = c/b
• cot(A) = cotangent of A = adjacent / opposite = b/a
 Special Right Triangles
30°
45°

2
2
3 1

60° 45°
1 1
3 1 2
cos(30 ) 

cos(60  )  cos(45  ) 
2 2 2
1 3 2
sin(30  )  sin(60  )  sin(45  ) 
2 2 2
3 tan(45  )  1
tan(30  )  tan(60  )  3
3
 Basic Trigonometric Identities
sin( A) cos( A)
Quotient identities: tan( A)  cot( A) 
cos( A) sin( A)
cos( A)  cos( A) sin(  A)   sin( A) tan( A)   tan( A)
Even/Odd identities:
sec( A)  sec( A) csc( A)   csc( A) cot( A)   cot( A)
Even functions Odd functions Odd functions
Reciprocal Identities:
1 1 1
csc( A)  sec( A)  cot( A) 
sin( A) cos( A) tan( A)
1 1 1
sin( A)  cos( A)  tan( A) 
csc( A) sec( A) cot( A)
Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 ( A)  cos 2 ( A)  1
tan 2 ( A)  1  sec 2 ( A) 1  cot 2 ( A)  csc 2 ( A)
All Students Take Calculus.
Quad I
Quad II
cos(A)<0 cos(A)>0
sin(A)>0 sin(A)>0
tan(A)<0 tan(A)>0
sec(A)<0 sec(A)>0
csc(A)>0 csc(A)>0
cot(A)<0 cot(A)>0

cos(A)<0 cos(A)>0
sin(A)<0 sin(A)<0
tan(A)>0 tan(A)<0
sec(A)<0 sec(A)>0
csc(A)<0 csc(A)<0
cot(A)>0 cot(A)<0
Quad III Quad IV
 Reference Angles
Quad I
Quad II

θ’ = 180° – θ θ’ = θ
θ’ = π – θ

θ’ = θ – 180° θ’ = 360° – θ
θ’ = θ – π θ’ = 2π – θ

Quad III Quad IV

 Unit circle
• Radius of the circle is 1.
• x = cos(θ)  1  cos( )  1
• y = sin(θ)  1  sin( )  1
• Pythagorean Theorem: x 2
 y 2
1

• This gives the identity: cos 2

( )  sin 2
( )  1
• Zeros of sin(θ) are n where n is an integer.

• Zeros of cos(θ) are 2  n where n is an
integer.
 Graphs of sine & cosine
f ( x)  A sin( Bx  C )  D
g ( x)  A cos( Bx  C )  D
• Fundamental period of sine and cosine is 2π.
• Domain of sine and cosine is .
• Range of sine and cosine is [–|A|+D, |A|+D].
• The amplitude of a sine and cosine graph is |A|.
• The vertical shift or average value of sine and
cosine graph is D.
• The period of sine and cosine graph is 2B .
• The phase shift or horizontal shift is CB .
 Sine graphs

y = sin(x)

y = sin(x) + 3
y = 3sin(x)

y = sin(3x)

y = sin(x – 3)
y = 3sin(3x-9)+3
y = sin(x)
y = sin(x/3)
 Graphs of cosine

y = cos(x)
y = cos(x) + 3
y = 3cos(x)

y = cos(3x)

y = cos(x – 3) y = 3cos(3x – 9) + 3
y = cos(x)
y = cos(x/3)
 Tangent and cotangent graphs
f ( x)  A tan( Bx  C )  D
g ( x)  A cot( Bx  C )  D
• Fundamental period of tangent and cotangent is π.
• Domain of tangent is where n is an integer.
  
• Domain of cotangent x | x  2  where
n 

n is an integer.
• Range of tangent and cotangent is
• The period of tangent orxcotangent
| x  n  graph is

.

.
B
 Graphs of tangent and cotangent

y = tan(x)  y = cot(x)
Vertical asymptotes at x  n . Verrical asymptotes at x  n .
2
 Graphs of secant and cosecant

y = csc(x)
y = sec(x) 
Vertical asymptotes at x   n . Vertical asymptotes at x  n .
Range: (–∞, –1] U [1, ∞) 2 Range: (–∞, –1] U [1, ∞)
y = cos(x) y = sin(x)
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
and Trig Equations
y  sin 1 ( x)  arcsin( x)
Domain: [–1, 1]
  
Range:  , 
 2 2
0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QII.
–1 < y < 0, solutions in QIII and QIV.
1
y  cos ( x)  arccos( x) y  tan 1 ( x)  arctan( x)
Domain: 
Domain: [–1, 1]
 
Range:   , 
Range: [0, π]  2 2
0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QIV. 0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QIII.
–1< y < 0, solutions in QII and QIII. –1 < y < 0, solutions in QII and QIV.
 Trigonometric Identities
Summation & Difference Formulas

sin( A  B)  sin( A) cos( B)  cos( A) sin( B)

cos( A  B)  cos( A) cos( B) sin( A) sin( B)
tan( A)  tan( B)
tan( A  B) 
1 tan( A) tan( B)
 Trigonometric Identities
Double Angle Formulas
sin(2 A)  2 sin( A) cos( A)
cos(2 A)  cos 2 ( A)  sin 2 ( A)  1  2 sin 2 ( A)  2 cos 2 ( A)  1
2 tan( A)
tan(2 A) 
1  tan 2 ( A)
 Trigonometric Identities
Half Angle Formulas
 A 1  cos( A) A
sin     The quadrant of 2

2 2 determines the sign.

 A 1  cos( A)
cos   
2 2
 A 1  cos( A)
tan    
2 1  cos( A)
Law of Sines & Law of Cosines
Law of sines Law of cosines
sin( A) sin( B) sin(C )
  c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos(C )
a b c
a b c b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos( B)
 
sin( A) sin( B) sin(C ) a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos( A)
Use when you have a
Use when you have SAS, SSS.
complete ratio: SSA.
 Vectors
• A vector is an object that has a magnitude and a direction.
• Given two points P1: ( x1 , y1 ) and P2: ( x2 , y 2 ) on the plane, a
vector v that connects the points from P1 to P2 is
v = ( x 2  x1 ) i +( y 2  y1 ) j.
• Unit vectors are vectors of length 1.
• i is the unit vector in the x direction.
• j is the unit vector in the y direction.
• A unit vector in the direction of v is v/||v||
• A vector v can be represented in component form
by v = vxi + vyj.
• The magnitude of v is ||v|| = v 2
x  v 2
y

• Using the angle that the vector makes with x-axis in

standard position and the vector’s magnitude, component
form can be written as v = ||v||cos(θ)i + ||v||sin(θ)j
 Vector Operations
Scalar multiplication: A vector can be multiplied by any scalar (or number).
Example: Let v = 5i + 4j, k = 7. Then kv = 7(5i + 4j) = 35i + 28j.
Dot Product: Multiplication of two
vectors. Example: Let v = 5i + 4j, w = –2i + 3j.
Let v = vxi + vyj, w = wxi + wyj. v · w = (5)(–2) + (4)(3) = –10 + 12 = 2.
v · w = vxDot
Alternate wx +Product
v ywy formula v · w = ||v||||w||cos(θ). The angle θ is the
angle between the two vectors.
v θ
w
Two vectors v and w are orthogonal (perpendicular) iff v · w = 0.
Addition/subtraction of vectors: Add/subtract same components.
Example Let v = 5i + 4j, w = –2i + 3j.
v + w = (5i + 4j) + (–2i + 3j) = (5 – 2)i + (4 + 3)j = 3i + 7j.
3v – 2w = 3(5i + 4j) – 2(–2i + 3j) = (15i + 12j) + (4i – 6j) = 19i + 6j.
||3v – 2w|| = 19 2  6 2  397  19.9
 Acknowledgements
• Unit Circle: [Link]
• Text: Blitzer, Precalculus Essentials, Pearson Publishing, 2006.