Z-SCORES and T-SCORES
Bernie B. Valencia, RPm
What are SCORES?
A score on any test is simply numerical
description of an individual’s performance
on that task.
What are RAW SCORES?
Raw Scores are direct counts of the number of items a specified event
has occurred, such as;
• The number of test items answered correctly,
• The numbers of book read,
• The numbers of errors made in solving a problem,
• The numbers of statements endorsed on a questionnaire, etc.
What are RAW SCORES?
• Joie got a score of 16 out of 20 on
her quiz
• Is it high score or a low score? What
do you think?
What are RAW SCORES?
• It may appear a high mark, but in fact the
statement is virtually meaningless on its own.
• 16 may be the lowest mark of a particular
group of scores. If the test was difficult, 16
may well be a high score.
• Raw scores by themselves are not very
useful
• Raw scores need to be converted into
standard scores.
Z-Scores
• The most common or the basis of all standard scores
• Can be used as descriptive statistics and as inferential
statistics.
• Descriptive: describes exactly where everyone is located.
• Inferential: determines whether a specific sample is
representative of its population or is extreme and
unrepresentative.
Z-Scores can be;
• positive (above the mean)
• negative (below the mean)
• zero (equal to the mean)
Formula
Z-Score Formula:
Jai is a high school student with 150
pesos allowance every day while
majority of her classmate has an
average of 140 pesos of daily
allowance (s = 7). Compute Jais Z-
Score.
Jai’s z-score
150 −140 10
Jai Z= = = 1.42
7 7
Z-Score Formula:
Jai’s z-score
150 −140 10
Z= = = 1.42
7 7
With the same given, compute
Joshua’s Z-Score who has a 160
pesos daily allowance.
Joshua’s z-score
16 0 −140 2 0
Jai Joshua Z= = =2 . 85
7 7
Z-Score Formula:
Jai’s z-score
150 −140 10
Z= = = 1.42
7 7
Joshua’s z-score
16 0 −140 2 0
Z= = =2 . 85
7 7
With the same given, compute
Jasper’s Z-Score who has a 120
pesos daily allowance.
Jasper’s z-score
Jasper Jai Joshua
12 0 − 140 −2 0
Z= = =−2 . 85
7 7
T-Scores
• T-scores is another standard score measured on a scale with
mean of 50 and an SD of 10
• In order to calculate T-Scores, Z-Scores have to be
calculated first
• Using this standard score overcomes problems associated
with z-scores. All the scores on t-scores are positive and
range from 10 to 90.
T-Scores
Two of the advantages of T-Scores
1. Enabling us to work with whole numbers instead of
decimal points
2. Avoiding describing subjects' performance with
negative numbers
T-Score Formula
T-Score Formula:
Jai got a 1.42 Z-Score, with all the
given compute Jai’s T-Score.
Jai’s t-score
T = 50 + 10*1.42
Jai
T = 64
T-Score Formula:
Jai’s t-score
T = 50 + 10*1.42
T = 64
Joshua got a 2.85 Z-Score, with all
the given compute Joshua’s T-Score.
Joshua’s t-score
T = 50 + 10*2.85
Jai Joshua
T = 78
T-Score Formula:
Jai’s t-score
T = 50 + 10*1.42
T = 64
Joshua’s t-score
T = 50 + 10*2.85
T = 78
Jasper got a -2.85 Z-Score, with all
the given compute Jasper’s T-Score.
Jasper’s t-score
Jasper Jai Joshua T = 50 + 10*-2.85
T = 21
Z-Score using SPSS
T-Score using SPSS
Z-Score and T-Score using
Excel and Jamovi
Thank you for listening!