GROUP3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

JADE ERWIN BASUL

HUDSON CESER GEALOGO
CEDRIC JOHN SARANZA
 STEEL BARS

• Steel is the most widely used reinforcing materials for

almost all types of concrete construction. It is an excellent
partner of concrete in resisting both tension and
compression stresses. Comparatively, steel is ten times
stronger than concrete in resisting compression load and
hundred times stronger in tensile stresses.

• The design of concrete assumes that concrete and steel

reinforcement acts together in resisting load and likewise
to be in the state of simultaneous deformation. Otherwise,
the steel bars might slip from the concrete in the absence
of sufficient bond due to excessive load
• In order to provide a higher degree of
sufficient bond between the concrete and the
reinforcement, steel bars were provided with
a surface deformation in various forms and
designs.
 TABLE 3-1 STANDARD WEIGHT OF PLAIN OR DEFORMED ROUND STEEL
BARS IN KILOGRAM FORMULA
W x L / 162
LENGTH OF STEEL BARS IN METERS
Diam. 5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5

8mm 1.98 2.37 2.96 3.56 4.15 4.74 5.33

10mm 3.08 3.7 4.62 5.54 6.47 7.39 8.32
12mm 4.44 5.33 6.66 7.99 9.32 10.66 11.99
13mm 5.21 6.25 7.83 9.38 10.94 12.5 14.07
16mm 7.9 9.47 11.84 14.21 16.58 18.95 21.32
20mm 12.33 14.8 18.5 22.19 25.69 29.59 33.29
25mm 19.27 23.12 28.9 34.68 40.46 46.24 52.02
28mm 24.17 29 36.25 43.5 50.75 58 65.25
30mm 27.75 33.29 41.62 49.94 58.26 66.59 74.91
32mm 31.57 37.88 47.35 56.82 66.29 75.76 85.23
36mm 39.96 47.95 59.93 71.92 83.91 95.89 107.88
 TABLE 3-4 AREAS OF GROUPS OF REINFORCING STEEL FORMULA:
BARS
PI x /4

NUMBER OF BARS ()
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Bar
Dia.
mm.

6 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226 254 283

8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503

10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785

12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 1131

16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1809 2011

20 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 1131
HOW TO DETERMINE SPLICING LENGTH
OF STEEL BARS

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT MINIMUM SPLICE LENGTH

1. Tension Bars 25 x BAR SIZE + 150mm

2. Compression Bars 20 x BAR SIZE + 160mm

EXAMPLE

Determine the length of the splice joint for a 16mm

and 20mm steel bars under the following
conditions:

a.)Tensile reinforcement of a beam.

b) Compressive reinforcement of a column.

SOLUTION (For 16mm steel bars)

a.) Classification of the reinforcement is under tension. Multiply:
25 x 16mm + 150mm = 550mm or 55cm
b.) For the reinforcement under compression. Multiply:
20 x 16mm + 160mm = 480mm or 48cm

Therefore, the splice joint for a 16mm tension bar is 55 centimeters long and 48
centimeters for a compression bars.

SOLUTION (For 20mm steel bar)

a.) Length of splice for tension bar.

25 x 20mm + 150mm = 650mm or 65cm
b.) length of splice for compression bars.
20 x 20mm + 160mm = 560mm or 56cm
IDENTIFICATION OF STEEL BARS

Steel reinforcing bars are provided with

distinctive markings identifying the name of
the manufacturer with its initial brand and the
bar size number including the type of steel
bars presented as follows:

N= For Billet
A= For Axle
Rail Sign= For Rail Steel
BAR SPLICE, HOOK AND BEND
In estimating the quantity of steel reinforcing
bars, one has to consider the additional length for the hook, the bend and the
splice whose length varies depending upon the limitations as prescribed by the
National Building Code

MILD STEEL MINIMUM HOOK AND BEND ALLOWANCE

To those who have not yet been exposed to detailed drafting work or actual field construction of reinforced
concrete. Will find it difficult to make a detailed estimate of the various types of reinforcement required.
The various type of metal reinforcement that an estimator should be familiarized with are:
A.) Concrete Hollow Block Reinforcement.
This is the simplest type of vertical and horizontal reinforcement placed in between the layers and
hollow core of the blocks. This type of reinforcement is installed and spliced progressively with the rise of
the concrete blocks.

B. Footing Reinforcement
1. Footing slab reinforcement for small and medium size footings
2. Dowels, cut bars, anchor, and bend bars
3. Beam reinforcement for medium construction
4. Beam and slab for large construction
5. Stirrups

C. Post and Column Reinforcement

1. Main vertical reinforcement
a. single or
b. bundled bar
2. Lateral Ties
a. outer ties
b. inner ties
c. straight ties
3. Spiral Ties for Circular column
4. Dowels for partitions and other future attachments.
D. Beam and Girder Reinforcements

1. Main Reinforcement
a. Straight bars
b. Bend bars
c. Additional cut bars for tension and compression
d. Dowel bars for future attachment
2. Stirrups
a. Open stirrups
b. Closed stirrups
c. Straight stirrups or ties
3. Cut Bars
a. Over and across the support
b. Between supports
c. Dowels and hangers for ceiling and partition
E. Floor Slab Reinforcement

1. Main reinforcements

a. Straight main reinforcing bars extending from one beam to the other.
b. Alternate main reinforcing bars with bend between and over the beam support.
c. Main alternate bars over support(beam or girder)

2. Temperature bars tied perpendicular to the main reinforcement.

3. Additional alternate cut bars over the support(beam).

4. Dowels and hangers for ceiling and other attachment.

Reinforcement of Concrete Hollow Blocks

Steel bar as reinforcement is a requirement for all types of

concrete and masonry works. The national building code has
promulgated guidelines on how and what kind of reinforcement
is appropriate for a certain type of work depending upon the
purpose for which it is to serve. The size and the spacing
requirements for concrete hollow block reinforcement must be
indicated on the plan or [Link] hollow
block reinforcement could be determined in three different
ways;
1. By the Direct Counting Method
2. By the Area Method
[Link] the Unit Block Method
 The Direct Counting Method
under the counting method. The vertical and horizontal reinforcements
are counted individually in the plan. The length is also determined from
the elevation. The hook, bend and lapping splices are imaginably
calculated and added to its length because it is very rare to see a plan in
a large scale drawing showing this particular requirements of reinforcing
steel bars. Thus, estimators must be familiar with the hook, bend and
splicing requirements to be able to work effectively even if the plan is not
accompanied with such details.

In the event that estimating by Direct Counting Method is somewhat

difficult, one can use the Area Method with the aid of Table 3-5 prepared
for this purpose.
 ESTIMATING BY THE AREA
METHOD
The area method is the simplest approach in computing the steel bar
reinforcement for CHB with the aid of table 3-5. the values presented in the
table include the allowances required for standard bend, hook and lapping
splices.

ILLUSTRATION 3-2
From Figure 3-6, determine the number of:
a.) 10 x 20 x 40 cm CHB
b.) Vertical reinforcement spaced at 80 cm.
c.) Horizontal reinforcement at every 3 layers.
Figure 3-6
 TABLE 3-5 LENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS FOR CHB IN METERS

Spacing Vertical reinforcement Spacing Horizontal reinforcement

lengths of bar in meter layer lengths of bar in meter

cm. Per Block Per Sq. M Per Block Per sq. m.

40 0.235 2.93 2 0.264 3.30

60 0.171 2.13 3 0.172 2.15

8- 0.128 1.60 4 0.138 1.72

 SOLUTION (BY THE AREA METHOD)

1.) Solve for the area of the fence

Area= Length x Height
A= 4.00 X 3.00 m.
A= 12 sq. m.

2.) For the reinforcement spaced at 80 centimeters, refer to table 3-5. under
column length per sq. m. multiply:
12 sq. m. x 1.60 = 19.20 m. long

3.) Solve for the horizontal bars at every 3 layers, from table 3-5 under horizontal
reinforcement per square meter, multiply:
12 sq. m. x 2.15 = 25.80 meters long
2. Determine the number of hollow blocks. Refer to table 2-2. multiply:
CHB; = 12 sq. m. x 12.5 = 150 pieces

3. Refer to table 3-5

a.) vertical reinforcement at 80 cm spacing, length of steel bar per block; multiply:
150 x 0.128 = 19.2 meters long

4. Add the result of (a) and (b)

19.2 + 25.80 = 45.00 meters long

5. Convert this length to the commercial size of steel bars, say 6.00 meters long. Divide:
45.00 m ÷ 6.00 = 7.5 order 8 pieces 10 mm x 6.00 m.
• 3-5-TIE WIRE FOR CHB REINFORCEMENT
• Tie wire refers to gauge no.16 galvanized iron wire popularly
known as G.I tie wire. It is used to secure the steel bars into its
designed position. The length of each tie wire depends upon
the size of the bar to be tied on ranging from 20 to 40
centimeters from small and medium size steel bars.

• LENGTH OF TIE WIRE REINFORCEMENT

• The common size of steel bar reinforcement specified for
concrete hollow block work is either; 10 mm, 12 mm, or 16
mm diameter depending upon the plan and specification.
 TABLE 3-6 NO. 16 G.I TIE WIRE FOR CHB REINFORMENT
PER SQUARE METER
Microsoft Excel
Worksheet

Kilograms per Square Meter

Vertical Spacing Horizontal Layer
Spacing
25 cm 30 cm 40 cm

40 2 .054 .065 .066

40 3 .039 .047 .063
40 4 .024 .029 .039
60 2 .036 .044 .057
60 3 .026 .032 .042
60 4 .020 .024 .032
80 2 .027 .033 .044
80 3 .020 .024 .032
80 4 .015 .018 .024
• Illustration 3-3
• Continuing the solution of illustration 3-2, find the required tie wire in kilograms if the
reinforcement are spaced at:
1. Vertical bars spaced at 80 centimeters and one horizontal bars at every after 3
layers of the block.
2. Tie wire in kilograms

SOLUTION:
1. Solve for the wall area.
Area = 4.00 × 3.00
A = 12 sq.m

2. Refer to Table 3-6. Along 80

cm. vertical spacing and 3 layers
horizontal spacing of
reinforcement at 30 cm. long
tie wire
12sq.m × 0.024 = 0.29 kgs
# 16- G.I wire
• 3-6 INDEPENDENT FOOTING REINFORCEMENT

• Also referred to as individual or isolated footing. The ACI( American Concrete

Institution) code provides that the minimum underground protective covering
of concrete to steel reinforcement shall not be less done 7.5 centimeters.

• One important consideration in estimating steel bar reinforcement is to find

the required length and quantity of a particular reinforcement then choose a
commercial length bars which when cut into the required size will minimize
unwanted cuts. For instance. If 5 pieces at 1.20 meters long is needed then
the most ideal order is 6.00 meters long steel bars.
• Example-1
• From the figure, find the number of 12mm steel bars required if there are 24 footings
having a general dimensions of 1.5 x 1.5 meters.

• Solution:
1. Find the net length of one cut reinforcing bar.
Net length = 1.5 m -2(0.075cm)
L = 1.35m
2. Find the number of cut bars per footing.
10 × 2 = 20 pieces of 12 mm at 1.35 m. long
3. Total number of cut bars in 24 footings.
Total Cut bars = 24(20) = 480 pieces
4. If 6.00 meters long steel bar will be used, we
obtain the following cuts.
6.00/1.35 = 4.44 or 4.0 pieces
5. Divide the result of step 3 by 4.0 to get the
number of steel bars required.
480/4.0 = 120 pcs of 12mm steel bars
• Estimating the footing tie wire
1. Find the number of ties for one footing.
2. Find the total number of ties for all the footings.
3. Find the total length of the tie wire needed.
4. Convert the length to kilogram.
Example:
1. Looking at the figure the number of Ties per
footing
10(10) = 100 intersection of steel bars to
be tied per footing
2. Solve for total ties of the 24 footings.
100(24) = 2400 ties
3. Solve for total length of tie wire needed.
2400(30 cm length per ties) = 72000 cm
= 720 meters
4. Convert length to kilogram (1 kilogram of no.16
tie wire is 53 meters long)
720m/53m = 14 kg #16 kg G.I wire.
• 3-7 POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
• The reinforcement of post and column to be considered in this study are: (a) The main
vertical reinforcement, (b) The lateral ties or (c) Spiral ties for circular column.

– The quantity and length of main

reinforcement is determined by “Direct
Counting Method” giving special
attention to the additional length for:

1. Lap joints of end splices

2. Allowance for bending and or hook
3. Additional length for beam depth and
floor thickness if the height indicated
in the plan is from floor to ceiling
4. Distance from floor to footing slab
5. Provisions for splices and succeeding
floors
• Example:
• From the following figure, list down the main reinforcement from the footing to the second
floor using 20mm if there are 10 columns in the plan.
Solution:
1. Determine the total length of the main steel bar reinforcements.
a. Bend at the base footing……………………20
b. Length from footing to ground floor…1.20
c. Height from ground line to beam…….3.50
d. Depth of beam………………………………….0.50
e. Thickness of the floor slab…………………0.15
f. Dowel for second floor(20×20 mm)…_0.40 _
Total length of the Reinforcement……5.95 M

2. Select a 6.00 meters long steel bar

3. Multiply by number of bars in one past × 10 post.

8 BARS × 10 = 80 pieces
• 3-8 BEAM AND GIRDER REINFORCEMENT
• The direct counting so far is the best method in determining the number of main
reinforcement of beam and girder. The length however, is determined by the physical
condition of the structure in relation of the support.

1. Verify the plan if the span or distance of the column where the beam is resting indicates
the following conditions:
a. Center to center of the column
b. Outer to center of the column
c. Outer to outer side of the column
d. Inside to inside span

2. Verify the splicing position of the reinforcement if it is adjusted to the commercial

length of steel bars. Take note that “the lesser the splice the lesser is the cost”.
3. Identify the bars with hook and bend for adjustment of their order length.
• 3-9 LATERAL TIES
• Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in a position by lateral
reinforcement called lateral ties.

The ACI Code provides that “ All non pre- stressed bars for tied column shall be
enclosed by lateral ties of at least No.3 in a seize for longitudinal bars No. 10 or smaller and
at least No4 in size for No.11 to 18 and bundled longitudinal bars”
 The Code Provisions Simply Mean that:
a.) If the main longitudinal rNo. 10 bars or smaller in size (lower than 30 mm), the Lateral
Ties should not be smaller than No, 3 bar or 10 mm diameter.
Reinforcement of a tied column is
b.) If the main reinforcement of a tied COIumn is No. 11 to No. 18 (35 mm to 66 mm) and
bundled bars, the Lateral Ties should not be less than No. 4 or 12 mm diameter,
The Code further provides that Lateral Ties Spacing shall not exceed the following:
1. 16 x the longitudinal bar diameter
2, 48 x the lateral tie bar diameter or
3. The least dimension of the column
SOLUTION
1. Determine the spacing distance of the lateral
ties.
a. 16 x 20 mm = 320 mm or 32 cm.
b. 48 x 10 mm = 480 mm or 48 cm.
c. The least Side of the column is = 30 cm.
2. The lowest value is 30. Therefore, adopt 30
centimeters spacing of the lateral ties
• 3-10 STIRRUPS FOR BEAM AND GIRDER
• Stirrup is the structural reinforcing member that holds or binds together the main
reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed position. The two types of stirrup
commonly used are the open stirrups and the closed stirrups
 ILLUSTRATION 3-12
A reinforced concrete beam with a cross-sectional dimensions as shown above specify the
use of 10mm open stirrups spaced as shown in Figure 3-19 if the 16 beams of the same design,
find the materials required for the stirrups.

SOLUTION:
1. By direct counting there are 17
stirrups at 99cm. Long say 1.00 meter
2. Find the total number of stirrups
17x16 beams = 272
3. Refer to Table 3-8. For a 1.00m long
stirrups the choice is either 6.0m, 9.0m
or 12m long steel bar. For easy handling
use 6.0 meters long. Divide:;
272/6 = 45.3 say 46 pcs – 10mm x 6.0 m
 ILLUSTRATION 3-13
From Figure 3-20, compute the number of 12 mm stirrups required if there are 12 girder of
the same design.

SOLUTION
1. By direct counting there are 15 stirrups per span.
If there are 12 girders; multiply:
15x12= 180
2. By inspection the length of one stirrups is 150
cm . Refer to table 3-8 along 150 cm length of ties,
4,5,6,and 8 cuts could be derived from 6.00, 7:50;
9.00 and 12 meters steel bars respectively. If we
chose 6.00m long
180/4 = 45 12mmx6.00 steel bars
3. If we chose 7.50 meters long steel bars we get;
180/5 = 36 and 12 mm x 7.50 m
• 3-11 SPIRAL AND COLUMN TIES
•The spiral reinforcement consist of evenly spaced continuous spirals held firmly place by
at least three vertical bar spacers under the following consideration.
1. That the center to center spacing of the spiral should not exceed 6th part
of the diameter core.
[Link], the clear spacing between the spirals should not exceed 7.5 centimeters nor
less than 5.0 centimeters
[Link] the clear spacing between the spirals be less than 1-1/2 times the biggest
size of the coarse aggregate.
 ILLUSTRATION 3-1 4
A spiral column with a cross sectional diameter of quires 10. mm spiral reinforcement as
figure. If. there are 14 columns at 7.00 meters high,

SOLUTION
A. Solving the spiral Reinforcement
1. Total length of 14 columns: 7.00 m. x 14 = 98
 SOLUTION
2. Find the number of 10 mm bar spirals. Refer
{o Table 3-9. For a 50 cm. column diameter, 5.0 cm, pitch
6.00 meters steel bars, multiply
98 m. x 4.919 = 482.1 say 483 x 10 mm
3. If 9.00 meters will be used as spiral, along 50 cm column diameter, 5 cm.
pitch under 9m steel bars the entry is 3.223. Multiply:
98 m. x 3.223 = 316 pieces. 10 mm x 9.00 m.
B. Finding the Tie Wire
1. Find the number of vertical bars per column = 12 pieces

2. Refer to Table 3-9. under 50 cm. column diameter; S cm pitch, the number of turn per meter
height is 21. Multiply:
12 x 21 = 252 Ties per meter height

3. Total Ties for 14 column at 7:00 m. high is:

252 x 7.00 x 14 = 24,696 tiles

4. Total length of the wire at 30.m long per tie

24,696 x 30 = 740,880/100 = 7,409 meters

5. Convert to kilograms. Divide by 53

7,409/53 = 139.8 say 140 kilograms
• 3-12 ONE WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
• One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry
the load along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or
greater than 2, considered as One way slab because this slab will bend in one direction
i.e in the direction along its shorter span.
 ILLUSTRATION 3-1 6
A spiral column with a cross sectional diameter of quires 10. mm spiral reinforcement as
figure. If. there are 14 columns at 7.00 meters high,
From Figure 3-22 of a one-way reinforced concrete slab, determine the
number
of 12 mm. steel bars including the tie wire required
A. SOLUTION (By Direct Counting)
Given Data:

Spacing of main reinforcement = 15 cm Spacing of main reinforcement = 15 cm

Temperature bar spacing= 30 cm

Size of the reinforcement 12 mm diameter
Type of reinforcement = One way
 SOLUTION
1. Determine the floor area
5.70 x 5.50 = 31.35

2. Refer to Table 3-10. Using a 6.00

meters long steel bars at 15 cm
A. SOLUTION (By Direct Counting)
spacing distance, multiply Given Data:
Spacing of main reinforcement = 15 cm

31.35 x 2.584 = 81 pieces 12mm x6

Refer to Table 3-11 along bar spacing at

15cm using a 30cm tire wire multiply
31.35 x .228 = 7.15 say 8 kg #16 G.1 wire
• 3-13 TWO WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
• The Building Structural Standard defines a two-way slab system as a concrete slab
system in which two rebars are arranged in two directions regardless of the presence or
absence of a beam that transmits a load to a column.
 ILLUSTRATION 3-1 7
From Figure 3-24, determine the number of 12 mm steel bars spaced at 10 cm, including the
tie wire required.
SOLUTION
1. Find the area of floor slab
Floor Area = 7.20 x 7.20 = 51.84 sq. m.

2, Refer to Table 3-12. Using a 7.50 m steel bars at

10 cm. spacing of main reinforcement, multiply:
51 84 x 3.337 173 pieces 12mm x 7.50 meters
Solving for the Tie Wire

1. . Refer to Table 3-13, along 10 cm bar spacing

and 30 cm. long tie wire, multiply by the area:

51.84 x .648 = 33.6

2. Order 37 kilograms of No.16 G.l. wire.

• 3-14 CONCRETE PIPE REINFORCEMENT
• From the following Figure, determine the quantity of 10 mm steel bars and the tie wire
required.

SOLUTION
1. Solve for the circumference of the circle at midpoint Of the
concrete thickness “t”
C = πd
C = 3.1416 x (0.90 +. 10) = 3.1416
SOLUTION
2. Total length of one ring plus .15 m. splice.
3.1416+.15 = 3.29 meters
3. Find the total number of ring at 15 cm. spacing distance.
1.00 m / .15 m = 6.7 meters

4. Add one to get the number of ring: 6.7 + 1 = 7.7

say 8 pieces at 3.29 meters.
5. Find the number of shrinkage and temperature
bars at say .20 m. on center.
3.29/.2 = 16.45 say 17 pieces
6. Summary of the Reinforcements
8 pcs. 10 mm. x 3,29 m, long
17 pcs. 10 mm. x 1.00 m. long
Solve for the Tie Wire
1. Total number of ring multiplied by the number of shrinkage and temperature bars.
8 x 17 = 136 ties x .30 cm. long per tie 41 meters
2. Convert this length to kilograms. Divide by 53.
41/53 = .77 say 1 kilograms #16 G.I wire
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