Thermodynamics:
An Engineering Approach
9th Edition in SI Units
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A.
Boles, Mehmet Kanoglu
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Chapter 4
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
McGraw-Hill | 2
Objectives
• Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work commonly
encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines and
compressors.
• Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of the
conservation of energy principle for closed (fixed mass) systems.
• Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
• Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at
constant pressure.
• Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal
energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
• Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes in
their internal energy and enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems that
involve heat and work interactions for general pure substances, ideal
gases, and incompressible substances.
3
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Moving boundary work (P dV work): Quasi-equilibrium process:
The expansion and compression work A process during which the system
in a piston-cylinder device. remains nearly in equilibrium at all
times.
Wb is positive for expansion
Wb is negative for compression
4
The area under the process curve on a P-V
diagram is equal, in magnitude, to the work
done during a quasi-equilibrium expansion or
compression process of a closed system. 5
Generalized boundary
work relation
Pi is the pressure at the
inner face of the piston.
In a car engine, the boundary work
done by the expanding hot gases is
used to overcome friction between
the piston and the cylinder, to push
atmospheric air out of the way, and
to rotate the crankshaft.
6
Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure Process
5 kg
400 kPa
P,
kPa
400
v, m3/kg
7
Boundary Work for a Constant-Volume Process
8
Boundary Work for an Isothermal Compression Process
9
Boundary Work for a Polytropic Process
For ideal gas
10
Expansion of a Gas against a Spring
11
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance for any system
undergoing any process
Energy balance
in the rate form
The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time
Energy balance per
unit mass basis
Energy balance in
differential form
Energy balance
for a cycle
12
13
Energy balance when sign convention is used:
- heat input and work output are positive
- heat output and work input are negative
The first law cannot be proven mathematically, but no process in nature is known
to have violated the first law, and this should be taken as sufficient proof. 14
Energy balance for a constant-
pressure expansion or
compression process For a constant-pressure
General analysis for a closed system expansion or compression
U Wb H
undergoing a quasi-equilibrium process:
constant-pressure process. Q is to the
system and W is from the system.
15
An example of constant-pressure process
16
17
Unrestrained Expansion
of Water
18
SPECIFIC HEATS
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
pressure is maintained constant.
19
20
Consider a fixed mass in a stationary
closed system undergoing a constant-
volume process
Consider a constant-pressure
expansion or compression process
The equations are valid for any
substance undergoing any process.
cv is related to the changes in
internal energy and cp to the
changes in enthalpy.
21
True or False:
cp is always greater than cv
cv and cp are properties.
The specific heats of a substance depend on the state.
The energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by
one degree is different at different temperatures and pressures.
A common unit for specific heats is kJ/kg·°C or kJ/kg·K.
Are these units identical? 22
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
Internal energy and enthalpy
change of an ideal gas
Joule showed using this experimental
apparatus that u=u(T) 23
24
25
At low pressures, all real gases
approach ideal-gas behavior, and
therefore their specific heats
depend on temperature only.
The specific heats of real gases
at low pressures are called ideal-
gas specific heats, or zero-
pressure specific heats, and are
often denoted cp0 and cv0.
u and h data for a number of
gases have been tabulated.
These tables are obtained by
choosing an arbitrary reference
point and performing the
integrations by treating state 1 as
the reference state.
26
Internal energy and enthalpy change when specific heat
is taken constant at an average value
27
Three ways of calculating u and h
1. By using the tabulated u and h data.
This is the easiest and most
accurate way when tables are readily
available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table
A-2c) as a function of temperature
and performing the integrations. This
is very inconvenient for hand
calculations but quite desirable for
computerized calculations. The
results obtained are very accurate.
3. By using average specific heats. This
is very simple and certainly very Three ways of calculating u.
convenient when property tables are
not available. The results obtained are
reasonably accurate if the
temperature interval is not very large.
28
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
The relationship between
cp, cv and R
dh = cpdT and du = cvdT
On a molar basis
Specific
heat ratio
The specific ratio varies with temperature, but this
variation is mild.
For monatomic gases (helium, argon, etc.), its value is
essentially constant at 1.667.
Many diatomic gases, including air, have a specific heat
ratio of about 1.4 at room temperature.
29
30
Heating of a Gas in a Tank by Stirring
P,
kPa
He
0.7 kg
27C
350 kPa
350
31
Heating of a Gas by a Resistance Heater
32
Heating of a Gas at Constant Pressure
33
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific
volume (or density) is constant.
Solids and liquids are incompressible substances.
34
Internal Energy Changes
35
Enthalpy Changes
The enthalpy of a compressed liquid
Usually amore accurate relation than
36
Cooling of an Iron Block by Water
37
Heating of Aluminum Rods in a Furnace
38
Summary
Moving boundary work
Energy balance for closed systems
Specific heats
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
ideal gases
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
incompressible substances (solids and liquids)
39
Example
40
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