Heat Transfer
Chapter -2
Conduction (4)
Navin Kumar Jha
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus
Transient Heat Conduction
• Lumped systems in which the
temperature of a solid varies with time but
remains uniform throughout the solid at
any time.
• Variation of temperature with time as well
as position associated with a large plane
wall, a long cylinder, a sphere, and a semi-
infinite medium using transient
temperature charts and analytical
solutions
Heat Transfer 2
LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
• In heat transfer analysis, some bodies are observed to
behave like a “lump” whose interior temperature remains
essentially uniform at all times during a heat transfer
process.
• The temperature of such bodies can be taken to be a
function of time only, T(t). Heat transfer analysis that
utilizes this idealization is known as lumped system
analysis, which provides great simplification in certain
classes of heat transfer problems without much sacrifice
from accuracy
Heat Transfer 3
LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
- Example-1:A small hot copper ball coming out of an oven. Measurements indicate
that the temperature of the copper ball changes with time, but it does not change
much with position at any given time. Thus the temperature of the ball remains
uniform at all times, and we can talk about the temperature of the ball with no
reference to a specific location (Lump Analysis can be applied)
- Example-2: A large roast in an oven. If you have done any roasting, you must have
noticed that the temperature distribution within the roast is not even close to being
uniform. You can easily verify this by taking the roast out before it is completely
done and cutting it in half. You will see that the outer parts of the roast are well done
while the center part is barely warm. Thus, lumped system analysis is not applicable
in this case
Heat Transfer 4
LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
• Consider a body of arbitrary shape of mass m, volume V, surface
area As, density ρ, and specific heat Cp initially at a uniform
temperature Ti as shown in fig.
• At time t=0, the body is placed into a medium at temperature , and
heat transfer takes place between the body and its environment,
with a heat transfer coefficient h.
• For the sake of discussion, we will assume that , but the
analysis is equally valid for the opposite case.
• We assume lumped system analysis to be applicable, so that the
temperature remains uniform within the body at all times and
changes with time only, T = T(t).
• During a differential time interval dt, the temperature of the body
rises by a differential amount dT.
• An energy balance of the solid for the time interval dt can be
expressed as
Heat Transfer 5
LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
• (Heat transfer into the body during dt) = (The increase in the energy
of the body during dt)
Heat Transfer 6
LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
• Here ‘b’ is a positive quantity whose unit is s -1 and it is called “time
constant”
•
- The temperature of a body approaches the ambient
temperature exponentially. The temperature of the
body changes rapidly at the beginning, but rather slowly
later on.
- A large value of b indicates that the body will approach
the environment temperature in a short time. The larger
the value of the exponent b, the higher the rate of decay
in temperature.
- Note that b is proportional to the surface area, but
inversely proportional to the mass and the specific heat
of the body. This is not surprising since it takes longer to
heat or cool a larger mass, especially when it has a large
specific heat.
Heat Transfer 7
How to Calculate Heat Transfer in Lump System
• Once the temperature T(t) at time t is available from Eq. 4–4, the
rate of convection heat transfer between the body and its
environment at that time can be determined from Newton’s law of
cooling as
• The total amount of heat transfer between the body and the
surrounding medium over the time interval t = 0 to t is simply the
change in the energy content of the body:
• The amount of heat transfer reaches its upper limit when the body
reaches the surrounding temperature . Therefore, the maximum
heat transfer between the body and its surroundings
Heat Transfer 8
Criteria for Lumped System Analysis
• The first step in establishing a criterion for the applicability of the
lumped system analysis is to define a characteristic length as
Heat Transfer 9
• When a solid body is being heated by the hotter fluid surrounding it
(such as a potato being baked in an oven), heat is first convected to
the body and subsequently conducted within the body.
• The Biot number is the ratio of the internal resistance of a body to
heat conduction to its external resistance to heat convection.
• Therefore, a small Biot number represents small resistance to heat
conduction, and thus small temperature gradients within the body.
• Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature distribution
throughout the body, which will be the case only when the thermal
resistance of the body to heat conduction (the conduction resistance)
is zero.
• Thus, lumped system analysis is exact when Bi 0 and approximate
when Bi is very very small.
• Of course, the smaller the Bi number, the more accurate the lumped
system analysis.
Heat Transfer 10
How Small Biot Number for Lumped Analysis
• Before answering this question, we should mention that a 20
percent uncertainty in the convection heat transfer coefficient
h in most cases is considered “normal” and “expected.”
• Assuming h to be constant and uniform is also an
approximation of questionable validity, especially for irregular
geometries.
• For our purpose, Bi<0.1
Heat Transfer 11
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE PLANE
WALLS, LONG CYLINDERS, AND SPHERES WITH
SPATIAL EFFECTS
• In lumped system, the variation of temperature within the
body was considered negligible or in other words, the
internal resistance in the heat propagation within the
body was considered negligible.
• In general, however, the temperature within a body will
change from point to point as well as with time.
• Some cases or geometry where the temperature varies
with time and positions will be discussed here.
Heat Transfer 12
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE PLANE
WALLS, LONG CYLINDERS, AND SPHERES WITH
SPATIAL EFFECTS
Heat Transfer 13
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE PLANE WALLS,
LONG CYLINDERS, AND SPHERES WITH SPATIAL EFFECTS
• Let us consider a plane wall of thickness 2L, a long cylinder
of radius ro, and a sphere of radius ro initially at a uniform
temperature Ti.
• At time t = 0, each geometry is placed in a large medium that
is at a constant temperature T and kept in that medium for t >
0.
• Heat transfer takes place between these bodies and their
environments by convection with a uniform and constant heat
transfer coefficient h.
• Note that all three cases possess geometric and thermal
symmetry: the plane wall is symmetric about its center plane
(x = 0), the cylinder is symmetric about its centerline (r = 0),
and the sphere is symmetric about its center point (r =0).
Heat Transfer 14
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE PLANE WALLS,
LONG CYLINDERS, AND SPHERES WITH SPATIAL EFFECTS
• We neglect radiation heat transfer between these bodies and
their surrounding surfaces, or incorporate the radiation effect
into the convection heat transfer coefficient h.
Heat Transfer 15
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE PLANE WALLS,
LONG CYLINDERS, AND SPHERES WITH SPATIAL EFFECTS
• Note that the temperature at the center of the wall remains at
Ti until t = t2, and that the temperature profile within the wall
remains symmetric at all times about the center plane.
• The temperature profile gets flatter and flatter as time passes
as a result of heat transfer, and eventually becomes uniform
at T = T.
• That is, the wall reaches thermal equilibrium with its
surroundings. At that point, the heat transfer stops since
there is no longer a temperature difference.
• Similar discussions can be given for the long cylinder or
sphere
Heat Transfer 16
Formulation and Calculation Method
• The formulation of the problems for the determination of the
one dimensional transient temperature distribution T(x, t) in
a wall results in a partial differential equation, which can be
solved using advanced mathematical techniques.
• The solution, however, normally involves infinite series,
which are inconvenient and time-consuming to evaluate.
Therefore, there is clear motivation to present the solution in
tabular or graphical form
• However, the solution involves the parameters ,
which are too many to make any graphical presentation of
the results practical. In order to reduce the number of
parameters, we nondimensionalize the problem by defining
the following dimensionless quantities
Heat Transfer 17
Formulation and Calculation Method
• The nondimensionalization enables us to present the temperature in terms
of three parameters only: X, Bi, and .
• This makes it practical to present the solution in graphical form.
• The dimensionless quantities defined above for a plane wall can also be
used for a cylinder or sphere by replacing the space variable x by r and the
half-thickness L by the outer radius ro. Note that the characteristic length in
the definition of the Biot number is taken to be the half-thickness L for the
plane wall, and the radius ro for the long cylinder and sphere instead of V/A
used in lumped system analysis.
Heat Transfer 18
Physical Meaning of Fourier Number
If Fourier number is > 0.2, then the keeping the first term and neglecting all the
remaining terms in the series results in an error under 2 percent. We are usually
interested in the solution for times fourier number > 0.2, and thus it is very
convenient to express the solution using this one term approximation,
We normally follow Heisler’s chart.
Heat Transfer 19
Heisler Chart and Method to Estimate Temperature
profile and Heat Transfer
• There are three charts associated with each geometry:
- the first chart is to determine the temperature To at the
center of the geometry at a given time t.
- The second chart is to determine the temperature at other
locations at the same time in terms of To.
- The third chart is to determine the total amount of heat
transfer up to the time t. These plots are valid for
Heat Transfer 20
Mid Plane Temperature
Heat Transfer 21
Temperature Distribution and Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer 22
Steps to be Followed
• First Step: Find Fourier Number and it should be greater
than 0.2 (The chart is valid for Fourier Number> 0.2)
• Second Step: Find Biot Number (Bi) and then its inverse
(1/Bi) (Here, characteristic length will be “Half Thickness L of the plane wall and the radius of long cylinder
instead of V/A as in Lump analysis. )
• Third Step: Corresponding to the Fourier number (in x-
axis) and 1/Bi, dimensionless temperature (in y-axis) is
estimated and finally the temperature of the center plane is
calculated
• Fourth Step: Then temperature in given plane at particular
time is calculated with reference to the Dimensionless
distance from the center (x/L)
Heat Transfer 23
Steps followed to estimate Q
• First Step: Find Qmax
• The temperature of the body changes from the initial
temperature Ti to the temperature of the surroundings T
at the end of the transient heat conduction process.
• Thus, the maximum amount of heat that a body can gain
(or lose if Ti = T) is simply the change in the energy
content of the body. That is
• Thus, Qmax represents the amount of heat transfer for t
→ . The amount of heat transfer Q at a finite time t will
obviously be less than this maximum.
• Second Step: Get Q/Qmax from the chart and then
calculate the heat transferat particular time
Heat Transfer 24
Example
• In a production facility, large brass plates of 4 cm thickness that are
initially at a uniform temperature of 20°C are heated by passing
them through an oven that is maintained at 500°C (As shown in fig.
below). The plates remain in the oven for a period of 7 min. Taking
the combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient to
be h = 120 W/m2 ·°C, determine the surface temperature of the
plates when they come out of the oven. The properties of brass at
room temperature are k =110 W/m · °C, density = 8530 kg/m 3, Cp =
380 J/kg ·°C, and thermal diffusivity =33.9 x10-6 m2/s
Heat Transfer 25
Solution Step by Step
Here, Fourier Number is>> 0.2 and so estimation from Heisler Chart will be very
close
Corresponding to these values (Fourier number and 1/Bi), find from chart
And it is 0.46
For surface temperature, we should find corresponding to x/L = L/L = 1
and 1/Bi = 45.8. It is 0.99 (from chart)
and after from these two dimensionless temperature, we can find surface
temperature after 7 min = 282 0C.
Heat Transfer 26
Assignment
• Here Biot Number = 1/45.8 = 0.022< 0.1
and so Lump analysis may also be
appropriate with good accuracy. So, find
the same applying Lump analysis and
compare the value with the value obtained
with the help of Heisler Chart.
Heat Transfer 27
• Here, Fourier Number is>> 0.2 and so
estimation from Heisler Chart will be very
close
• Corresponding to these values (Fourier
number and 1/Bi), find from chart
Heat Transfer 28
Example Lump System
• The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by a
thermocouple whose junction can be approximated as a 1-mm-
diameter sphere, as shown in Fig.. The properties of the junction are
k = 35 W/m · °C, ρ = 8500 kg/m3, and Cp = 320 J/kg · °C, and the
convection heat transfer coefficient between the junction and the
gas is h = 210 W/m2 · °C. Determine how long it will take for the
thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initial temperature
difference.
Heat Transfer 29