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Understanding Intermolecular Forces

This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces that occur between molecules: dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces. It explains that dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules that align their positive and negative ends. Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole force between molecules where hydrogen is bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen. London dispersion forces do not require polarity and occur as temporary dipoles induced in neighboring atoms by electron motion. These intermolecular forces influence properties like boiling points by determining how tightly packed molecules are in different phases.

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Nursherina Asanji
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30 views17 pages

Understanding Intermolecular Forces

This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces that occur between molecules: dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces. It explains that dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules that align their positive and negative ends. Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole force between molecules where hydrogen is bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen. London dispersion forces do not require polarity and occur as temporary dipoles induced in neighboring atoms by electron motion. These intermolecular forces influence properties like boiling points by determining how tightly packed molecules are in different phases.

Uploaded by

Nursherina Asanji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Intermolecular Forces

The forces that occur between the


molecules.
What are Intermolecular Forces?
• Gases are widely spaced, randomly arranged
particles.
• Liquids are close together, ordered particles,
but with some empty spaces. They are more
similar to solids than gases.
• Solids are closely packed, highly ordered
particles.
What are Intermolecular Forces?
• Some compounds are liquid at room temp.
• Some compounds are solid at room temp.
• Some compounds are gaseous at room temp.

• This is because they have different


intermolecular forces. There are different
forces occurring between the molecules.
Intermolecular vs. Intramolecular
• Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that
occur between molecules.

• Intramolecular forces
are also known as bonds
that occur between atoms in a molecule.
Intermolecular vs. Intramolecular
Dipole-Dipole
• What is a dipole?
– A polar compound that has one end that is
positively charged and the other end is negatively
charged.
• Positive ends attract to negative ends.
• When molecules with dipole
moments are put together,
they orient themselves to
take advantage of their
positive & negative charges.
Dipole-Dipole
• The molecules with dipole moments can
attract each other by lining up so that their
positive & negative ends are close
to each other.
• Dipole-dipole forces are
very weak. They are only
about 1% as strong as
ionic or covalent bonds.
Hydrogen Bonding
• A hydrogen bond is a strong dipole-dipole
force that occurs between molecules in which
hydrogen is bound to a highly electronegative
atom, such as oxygen.
• The most common
hydrogen bond is found
in water H2O.
Hydrogen Bonding
• The two factors that account for the strength
of this force is
– The polarity of the bond
– The close proximity of the
dipoles because of the small
size of the hydrogen atom.
Hydrogen Bonding
• Water molecules tend to remain together in the
liquid state even at relatively high temperatures
because a large amount of energy is required to
overcome this force.
• This is because of the
electronegativity value
of oxygen.
• Thus water has a high
boiling point.
London Dispersion Forces
• Even molecules without dipole moments must
exert forces on each other.
• We know this because all substances – even
the noble gases - exist in the liquid and solid
states at very low temps.
• There must be forces to hold the atoms close
together.
• The forces that exist among noble gas atoms
and nonpolar molecules are called London
Dispersion forces.
London Dispersion Forces
• We assume that the
electrons of an
atom are uniformly
distributed about
the nucleus,
• this is apparently
not true at every
instant.
London Dispersion Forces
• Atoms can develop
a temporary dipolar
arrangement of
charge as the
electrons move
around the nucleus.
• This instantaneous
dipole can then
induce a similar
dipole in a
neighboring atom.
London Dispersion Forces
• The inter-atomic
attraction
is weak and
short-lived.

• It can be very significant


for large
atoms and large
molecules.
London Dispersion Forces
• The motion of the atoms must be slowed
down before the weak London forces can lock
the atoms into place to produce a solid.
• This is why noble gases have very
low freezing points.
London Dispersion Forces
• Nonpolar molecules such as H2, N2, and I2 also
attract each other by London Dispersion
forces.
• These forces become more significant as the
sizes of the atoms increase.

• Larger size means there are more electrons


available to form the dipoles.
Strength rating

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