Qualitative
Research
Design
Choosing
Appropriate
Qualitative
Research Design
The word ‘design’ has various meanings.
But, in relation to the subject concern, it is a
pattern or an outline of research project’s
workings. It is the statement of essential
elements of a study that provides basic
guidelines of conducting the project. It is
same as the blue print of architect’s work.
The research design is similar to broad plan
or model that states how the entire research
project would be conducted. It is desirable
that it must be in written form and must be
simple and clearly stated. The real project is
carried out as per the research design laid
down in advance.
RESEARCH DESIGN
is the framework of research
methods and techniques chosen
by a researcher. The design
allows researchers to home in
on research methods that are
suitable for the subject matter
and set up their studies up for
success.
What are the types of Qualitative Research Designs?
Ethnography Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a 20th century philosophical
This is a qualitive method often used in the
movement dedicated to describing the structure of
social sciences particularly in anthropology and experience as they present themselves to
in sociology. It is often employed in gathering consciousness, without resource to theory and
data on human society to describe culture like assumptions from other disciplines. It focuses on
origin, values and roles in a particular group. the lived experience for several individuals. Its
Data collection in this type of design is done purpose is to rigorously understand the
through observation, interview and phenomenon by systematic examination and
questionnaires. describe the essence of lived experience.
What are the types of Qualitative Research Designs?
Grounded Theory Historical Research
This refers to the systematic collection and objective
Grounded theory is an inductive technique evaluation of data related to past occurrence in order to
test the hypothesis concerning causes, effects that help
developed for health-related topics by Glaser
to explain present events and anticipate future events.
and Strauss. It emerged from the discipline of Its purpose is to make people aware of what has
sociology. The term grounded means that the happened in the past to learn of pasts failures and
theory developed from the research has its roots successes; to learn how things were done in the past to
from the data where it was derived. see if such are applicable for the present; to understand
education practices and policies and to test hypothesis
concerning relationships or trends.
What are the types of Qualitative Research Designs?
Case Study
This research design is a useful tool for investigating trends
and scientific situations in many scientific disciplines
especially social sciences, psychology, anthropology, and
ecology. This method of study is useful for trying to test
theoretical models by using them in real world situations. It
is an exploration of a bounded system or a case over time
through detailed data collection involving multiple sources
of information within a context. Data collection strategies
involve observations, interviews, documents, archival
records and participant observation.
Sampling
Procedure
and Sample
Population, Sample and Sampling
The population refers to the totality of objects,
elements, person and characteristics under a given
condition. In other words, population refers to the
entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
On the other hand, sample is the specific group that
you will collect data from which also refers as the
subset in a population.
Sampling in contrary is the process of technique of
choosing a sample from a population to participate in
the study.
Qualitative Sampling
In qualitative research, the goal of sampling is to get a representative sample size
from a population to study and create accurate generalizations based on the data
that will be gathered. The researcher should remember that there are no fast and
hard rules in determining the sample size. The characteristics and objectives of
the study will determine how many individuals should be selected. You continue
to sample until you are not getting new information or are no longer getting new
insights also known as the concept of saturation.
Guidelines recommended in determining the number
of respondents:
Research Design Suggested
Proponent
Respondent
Morse (1994) Ethnography 30-50
participants
Morse (1994) Grounded Theory 30-50 interviews
Creswell (1998) Phenomenological 5-25 participants
These recommendations can help a researcher estimate how many participants
they will need, but ultimately, the required number of participants should depend
when saturation is reached.
Sampling
is done to collect cases, events, or
actions that will clarify and deepen
understanding. There is a need to
think carefully as to what sampling
procedure should be used by the
researcher to come up with a sound
study.
Non-probability
Sampling procedures
that are commonly
used in qualitative
research:
Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling is defined as a
method adopted by researchers where
data is collected from a conveniently
available pool of respondents. It is the
most commonly used sampling technique
as it’s incredibly prompt, uncomplicated,
and economical. In many cases, members
are readily approachable to be a part of
the sample.
Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is defined as a non-
probability sampling method in which
researchers create a sample involving
individuals that represent a population.
Researchers choose these individuals
3
according to specific traits or qualities. These
samples can be generalized to the entire
population. The final subset will be decided
only according to the interviewer’s or
researcher’s knowledge of the population.
Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling or chain-referral sampling
is defined as a nonprobability sampling
technique in which the samples have traits
that are rare to find. This is a sampling
technique, in which existing subjects provide
referrals to recruit samples required for a
research study.
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