AC and DC motors
Drive systems
• DC motor
• AC motor
• Stepper motor
DC motor
Working principle
• When current passes through the coil, the resulting forces acting on
its sides at right angles to the field cause forces to act on those sides
to give a rotation.
• For the rotation to continue, when the coil passes through the vertical
position the current direction through the coil has to be reversed.
Parts
• Stator (permanent or non permanent magnet)
• Rotor (electromagnet)
• Armature
• Commutator
• Brush
• A brush type dc motor is essentially a coil of wire which is free to
rotate - termed as rotor in the field of permanent or non-permanent
magnet.
• The magnet termed a stator since it is stationery.
• For the rotation to continue, when coil passes through vertical
position the current direction is reversed which is got by use of
brushes making contact with split ring commutator.
For an armature conductor of length l and
carrying a current I, the force resulting from a
magnetic flux of density B at right angles to
the conductor is given by
F = BIL
Torque produced along the axis of the
conductor due to force F is
T=Fxb
= nBIL x b
= KI
• Since armature is a rotating magnetic field it will have back emf Vb.
The back emf depends on rate of flux induced in coil. Back emf is
proportional to angular velocity w
Vb = Kw
• Equivalent circuit diagram for D.C motor
La = inductance
Ra
V
a Vb
Control of brush type DC motor
• Speed control can be obtained by controlling the voltage applied to
the armature. Since fixed voltage supply is often used, a variable
voltage is obtained by an electronic circuit.
• When A.C supply is used a Thyristor can be used to control the
average voltage applied to armature.
• PWM – pulse width modulation
• Control of d.c motors by means of control signal from microprocessors.
Brush type motor with non-permanent
magnet
• Series wound
• Shunt wound
• Compound wound
• Separately excited
Series wound
• Armature and field
windings are
connected in series.
• Highest starting
torque
• Greatest no load
speed
• Reversing the polarity
of supply will not
effect the direction of
rotation of rotor.
Shunt wound
• Armature and field
coils are in parallel.
• Lowest starting torque
• Good speed regulation.
• Almost constant speed
regardless of load.
• For reversing direction
of rotation either
armature coil or field
coil supply has to be
reversed.
Compound wound
• Two field windings
one in series an
another in parallel
with armature
windings.
• High starting
torque with good
speed regulation.
Separately excited
• Separate control
of armature and
field coils.
• Speed of these
motors can be
controlled by
separately varying
the armature or
field current.
Brush less dc motor
• Its consists of a sequence of stator coils and a permanent magnet
rotor.
• Current carrying conductors are fixed and magnet moves.
• Rotor is ferrite or permanent magnet.
• The current to the stator coils are electronically switched by transistor
in sequence round the coils.
• Switching being controlled by position of rotors.
• Hall effect sensors are used to input signals related to a particular
position of rotor.
A.C motors
Single phase squirrel cage induction motor
Its consists of a squirrel cage rotor, this being copper or aluminum bars that fit
into slots in end rings to form a complete circuit.
Its consists of a stator having set of windings.
Alternating current is passed through stator windings an alternating magnetic
field is produced.
As a result EMF are induced in conductors in the magnetic field.
Initially when rotor is stationery net torque is zero.
Motor is not self starting.
3-phase induction motor
3 windings located 120
deg apart each winding
being connected to one
of the three lines of the
supply.
3 phase reach
maximum currents at
different times,
magnetic field rotates
round the stator poles
completing one rotation
is one full cycle.
Self starting
Synchronous motors
Similar to that of
induction motor but
rotor will be a permanent
magnet.
Magnets rotate with the
same frequency as that
of rotating magnetic field
which rotates 360 deg in
one cycle of supply.
Used when precise speed
is required.
Not self starting.
Speed control of AC motor
Speed control of A.C
motor is done by
provision of variable
frequency supply.
Torque is constant
when ratio of applied
stator voltage to
frequency ration is
constant.
AC is rectified to DC by
convertor and inverted
back to AC with a
selected frequency.