MODULE: 4
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Luisito S. Veloria, Alexandria
Pridas,
Jacob Arvil Palisoc
Learning Objectives:
Describe a bacteria using its
01
general characteristics; and
Classify common bacteria into
02
two groups (gram-positive or
gram-negative).
To Compare the Genomic
03
Characteristics of Low and High
G+C Bacteria
Define Archaea and its characteristics; and Discuss the
04 groups of Archaea; Methanogens, Halophiles and
Thermophiles.
Differentiate the Acrhaea and
05
Bacteria.
BACTERIA - GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
• Domain Bacteria is one of the three domains of life.
• Bacteria are unicellular organisms.
• Their genetic material consists of a circular chromosome and
plasmids.
• They have a diverse range of metabolic processes such as
aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.
• They inhabit almost every environment on Earth, from soil to
water, from hot springs to the human body.
• They play important ecological roles.
• Bacteria can cause diseases in humans and other organisms, but
many of them are also beneficial.
• Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but antibiotic
resistance is an increasing problem.
TYPES OF BACTERIA
(SHAPE) Bacterial Shapes
Bacilli
- rod-shaped
Cocci
- Spherical or
ball-shaped.
Spirochetes
- Spiral or helixes.
Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative
Gram-negative Bacteria
Proteobacteria Non-Proteobacteria
These bacteria are photoautotrophs
Discovered by Carl Woese in the 1980s
and chemoheterotrophs. They can
and it is the largest phylum within the
either be classified as gram-positive
bacteria domain.
or gram-negative.
Proteo- Bacteria Non-Proteo-Bacteria
1. Bordetella pertussis
Basic concepts
- These bacteria cause Whooping Cough
(Pertussis). 1. Chlamydia trachomatis
- Its variants can cause Chlamydia or Trachoma.
2. Escherichia coli 2. Microcystis aeruginosa
-Commonly found in the gut of humans and warm- - It is a bloom-forming cyanobacterium
blooded animals. found in eutrophic water bodies.
-A few strains cause Diarrhea.
Gram-positive Bacteria
Low Guanine + Cytosine (G+C)
Bacteria
The class Bacilli which have
less than 50% of guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their DNA.
High Guanine + Cytosine (G+C)
Bacteria
The class Actinobacteria which have more
than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides
in their DNA.
LOW HIGH
(G+C) (G+C)
Bacteria Bacteria
1. Clostridium tetani
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Causes tetanus.
-Koch's bacillus
-Blocks the inhibition of nerve impulses.
- Causative agent of Tuberculosis.
2 Mycobacterium leprae
-Cause of Hansen’s disease (Leprosy).
2. Staphylococcus aureus
Cause a wide variety of infections
in humans, including the skin.
What are archaea?
Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes that comprise the domain of
the same name, Archaea. These microorganisms physically
resemble the bacteria but are genetically distinct from the latter.
Habitats of the Archaea
Archaea were first identified from extreme environments like
volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, etc.
Where do archaebacteria live?
The list of some of their major habitats:
• Deeps seas and oceans (archaea form nearly 20% of microbial
diversity of the oceans)
•Geysers
•Hot water springs
•Hydrothermal vents
•Volcanoes
•Black smokers
•Mines and oil wells
Characteristics of Archaea
1. Energy sources used by archaea
Relatively diverse group sources than eukaryotic organisms, like sugars, ammonia, metal
ions, and hydrogen gas Based on their preference of source for deriving energy, they are
divided into different nutritional groups.
2. Extremophiles
Most of the members of the archaeal phylum are extremophilic in nature growing in vents,
springs, salt lakes and ditches, volcanoes, marshlands, and deep surfaces of seas and oceans.
3. Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is the only way for archaea. They reproduce asexually via binary fission,
budding, or fragmentation.
4. Roles in Earth’s biomes functioning.
Archaea play a multitude of ecological roles ranging from that in the nitrogen cycle to the
maintenance of microbial symbiotic communities.
Groups of Archaea
Methanogens
• any of the various
archaebacteria that
are capable of
producing methane
through the process of Methanobrevibacter smithii
methanogenesis.
Methanosarcina barkeri
Halophiles
• named after the Greek word for "salt-loving", an organism that
thrives in an environment of high salinity.
Halococcus Halobacterium
Thermophiles
• are heat-loving organisms that can
survive at high temperatures.
Methanopyrus kandleri
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Objective 01
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
LESSENING!
REFERENCES:
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[Link]