An Autonomous Institute

Approved by AICTE |Affiliated to VTU | Recognized by UGC with 2(f) & 12(B) status |Accredited by NBA and NAAC

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

5th SEMESTER
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (MVJ21ENV56)
PREPARED BY
Dr. PREETHI R K
Assistant Professor
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG.
MVJCE

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 1
 COURSE OUTCOMES
CO NUMBER DESCRIPTION
309.1 Understand the principles of ecology and environmental
issues that apply to air, land, and water issues on a global
scale,
309. 2 Develop critical thinking and/or observation skills, and
apply them to the analysis of a problem or question
related to the environment
309. 3 Demonstrate ecology knowledge of a complex
relationship between biotic and a biotic components.
309. 4 Apply their ecological knowledge to illustrate and graph a
problem and describe the realities that managers face
when dealing with complex issues.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 2
 Bridge Course Material
 Environment is not a single subject. It is an integration of
several subjects that includes both science and social
science.

 To understand all the different aspects of our environment we

need to understand biology, chemistry, physics, geography,
resources management, economics and population issue.

 Thus the scope of environmental studies is extremely wide and

covers some aspects of nearly every major discipline.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 3
 Bridge Course Material
 We live in a world in which natural resources are limited. Water,
air, soil, minerals, oils, the product we get from the forests,
grasslands, oceans, and from agriculture and from livestock are
all the part of our life support system. Without them life itself will
be impossible.
 As population is increasing day by day the quantity of resources
each of us using is also increasing. The earth cannot be expected
to sustain this expanding level of utilization of resources. Added
to this is misuse of resources.
 We cannot expect government alone to manage the safe
guarding of our environment.
 We need to do it ourselves.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 4
 Syllabus
Module - 1 Ecosystems
• (Structure and Function): Forest, Desert, Wetlands, Riverine,
Oceanic and Lake.
• Biodiversity: Types, Value; Hot-spots; Threats and
Conservation of biodiversity, Forest Wealth, and Deforestation.
Module - 2 Advances in Energy Systems
• (Merits, Demerits, Global Status and Applications)
• Hydrogen, Solar, OTEC, Tidal and Wind.
• Natural Resource Management (Concept and case-studies):
Disaster Management, Sustainable Mining, Cloud Seeding, and
Carbon Trading.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 5
 Syllabus
Module - 3
• Environmental Pollution (Sources, Impacts, Corrective and
Preventive measures, Relevant Environmental Acts, Case-
studies): Surface and Ground Water Pollution; Noise
pollution; Soil Pollution and Air Pollution.
• Waste Management & Public Health Aspects: Bio-medical
Wastes; Solid waste; Hazardous wastes; E-wastes; Industrial
and Municipal Sludge.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 6
 Syllabus
Module - 4
• Global Environmental Concerns (Concept, policies and case-
studies): Ground water depletion/recharging, Climate Change;
Acid Rain; Ozone Depletion; Radon and Fluoride problem in
drinking water; Resettlement and rehabilitation of people,
Environmental Toxicology.
Module - 5
• Latest Developments in Environmental Pollution Mitigation
Tools (Concept and Applications):
• G.I.S. & Remote Sensing, Environment Impact Assessment,
Environmental Management Systems, ISO14001; Environmental
Stewardship- NGOs.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 7
 MODULE 3
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND
WASTE MANAGEMENT & PUBLIC
HEALTH ASPECTS

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 8
 Contents

Environmental Pollution
(Sources, Impacts, Corrective and Preventive measures, Relevant
Environmental Acts, Case-studies): Surface and Ground Water
Pollution; Noise pollution; Soil Pollution and Air Pollution.

Waste Management & Public Health Aspects

Bio-medical Wastes; Solid waste; Hazardous wastes; E-wastes;
Industrial and Municipal Sludge.
 Introduction
Environmental pollution
 Pollution: The term pollution can be defined as influence of any
substance causing nuisance, harmful effects, and uneasiness to
the organisms

 Pollutant:- Any substance causing Nuisance or harmful effects or

uneasiness to the organisms, then that particular substance may be
called as the pollutant.

 Environmental Pollution can be defined as any undesirable

change in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of any
component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause
harmful effects on various forms of life or property.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 10
 Types of pollutants
 Bio degradable pollutants - decompose rapidly by natural
processes.
 Non- degradable pollutants - do not decompose or slowly
decompose in the environment.

 Classification of Pollution
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Soil pollution
 Marine pollution
 Noise pollution
 Thermal pollution and
 Nuclear hazards

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 11
 Air pollution

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 12
 Air Pollution
The presence of one or more contaminants like dust,
smoke, mist and odor in the atmosphere which are injurious to
human beings, plants and animals.
Sources of air pollution
 Natural pollution - volcanic eruptions, forest fires,
biological decay.
 Man - made activities – Thermal power plants, agricultural
activities.
Classification
 Primary pollutant – these are those emitted directly in the
atmosphere in harmful form like CO, NO. particulate matter
(PM),sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
carbon monoxide, and lead.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 13
  Secondary pollutant – these may react with one another or
with the basic components of air to form new pollutants.
 Effects:
 Premature death
 Aggravated asthma
 Acute respiratory symptoms
 Chronic bronchitis
 Decreased lung function (shortness of breath)
 People with existing heart and lung disease, as well as the
elderly and children, are particularly at risk.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 14
  Short term effect are: irritation to nose, eye, throat,
bronchitis, headache etc.
 Long term affect are: lung disease, chronic respiratory
problem, damage to heart, brain, eyes etc.
 Eye irritation due to NOx, O3, PAN, particulates.
 Nose and throat due to SO2, NOx etc.
 Gaseous pollutants like H2S, SO2, NO2 and
hydrocarbons cause odor nuisance.
 Irritation of respiration tract caused by SOx, NOx, CO, O3.
 Increase in mortality
 CO and NO react with hemoglobin and reduce O2 carrying
capacity of blood.
 Heavy metals like lead can cause poisoning. High conc. cause
damage to liver and kidney.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 15
 Air Pollution Control
1. Preventative measures
 use only unleaded petrol
 Control measures using equipment's.
 Selection of suitable fuel. (Low sulphur coal in power plant, using
of CNG)
 Modification in industrial process.
 Selection of suitable site and zoning for industrial unit.
2. Control Measures
 Use catalytic converters to help control the emissions of carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons.
 Use petroleum products and other fuels that have low sulphur and
ash content
 Plant trees on busy streets as they remove particulates and carbon
monoxide and absorb noise.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 16
 Source : [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 17
 Prevention by Laws

 Various laws has been established for the menace of air

pollution.
 Air (Prevention & control of pollution ) Act,1981.
 Air (Prevention & control of pollution ) Amendment Act,1987.
 Motor vehicle Act, 1988.
 Air (Prevention & control of pollution) Union
Territories Rules, 1983.
 Environment Protection Act, 1986.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 18
 Noise Pollution

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 19
 Noise
 Any unwanted sound is Noise
 Normal 18 year old person, audio range 20-20000 Hz
 Sound is measured in Decibel (dB)
 Any sound which crosses the threshold limit is said to be
Noise.
 Sound - A pressure variation (wave) that travels through air
and is detected by the human ear
 Human hearing covers a wide range of sound pressures
 Threshold of hearing: 0.00002 Pa
 Loud noise: 200 Pa

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 20
 Noise Pollution

 Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal, or

machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity
or balance of human or animal life.

 Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal

activities such as working, sleeping, and during
conversations.

 World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be

recognized as a major threat to human well- being”

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 21
 Sources of Noise Pollution
 Transportation systems are the main source of noise
pollution in urban areas.

 Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a

lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers,
loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers.

 Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state

of noise pollution.

 Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners,

fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 22
 Classification of Noise Pollution

 Transport noise- Mainly constitute road traffic noise, air craft

noise and railway traffic noise.

 Occupational noise: Usually industrial workers face this

problem.

 Neighborhood noise: Loud TV, speakers, public functions,

music etc., are the sources for this type of pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 23
 Effects of Noise Pollution
 According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise and
health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects
the lives of millions of people.

 Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological

health.

 High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption,

hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to
noise pollution.

 It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic

attacks.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 24
 Solutions for Noise Pollution
 Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating
sources is an effective solution for noise pollution.

 Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively

reduce the noise pollution.

 Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate

the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.

 Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear

plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 25
  Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and
servicing should be done to minimize noise generation.

 Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block

unwanted noise from outside.

 Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play

loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.

 Factories and industries should be located far from the

residential areas.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 26
 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) and Sound Pressure (Pa)

Source : [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 27
 Soil and Soil Pollution
 Soil is the thin layer of organic and inorganic materials that covers
the Earth's rocky surface.

 Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent toxic

compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease
causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and
animal health.

 Soil pollution is also caused by means other than the direct

addition of xenobiotic (man-made) chemicals such as agricultural
runoff waters, industrial waste materials, acidic precipitates, and
radioactive fallout.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 28
 Causes of Soil Pollution
 Seepage from a landfill

 Discharge of industrial waste into the soil

 Percolation of contaminated water into the soil

 Rupture of underground storage tanks

 Excess application of pesticides, herbicides or fertilizer

 Solid waste seepage

 Deforestation and Soil erosion

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 29
 Source : [Link]

Excess application of
pesticides etc.

Source : green [Link]

Excess use & disposal of Plastics

and polyethene wastes

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 30
 Source : [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 31
 The most Common Chemicals Involved in
causing Soil Pollution are:

 Petroleum hydrocarbons

 Heavy metals

 Pesticides

 Solvents

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 32
 Types of Soil Pollution
 Agricultural Soil Pollution
 pollution of surface soil

 pollution of underground soil

 Soil pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes
 pollution of surface soil
 disturbances in soil profile
 Pollution due to urban activities
 pollution of surface soil
 pollution of underground soil

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 33
 Agricultural Soil Pollution
 To kill unwanted populations living in or on their crops, farmers
use pesticides.
 The remnants of such pesticides used on pests may get adsorbed
by the soil particles and contaminate root crops grown in that
soil.
Agricultural effects:
 Reduced soil fertility
 Reduced nitrogen fixation
 Increased erodibility
 Larger loss of soil and nutrients
 Deposition of silt in tanks and reservoirs
 Reduced crop yield
 Imbalance in soil fauna and flora

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 34
 Industrial Soil Pollution
 Large quantity of solid wastes like unused and rejected,
chemicals (like sludge, saw dust, bottles, plastic materials,
etc.) unwanted industrial wastes generated during manufacturing
processes are dumped over on the surface of soil by almost all
industries with difference in the degree.
 Industrial effects
 Dangerous chemicals entering underground water.
 Ecological imbalance.
 Release of pollutant gases.
 Increased salinity.
 Reduced vegetation.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 35
 Industrial Soil Pollution

Soil pollution due to industrial waste

Polluted land with dangerous chemicals Source: [Link]

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 36
 Urbanization effects

 Clogging of drains

 Inundation of areas

 Public health problems

 Pollution of drinking water sources

 Foul smell and release of gases

 Waste management problems

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 37
 Urbanization effects

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 38
 Some more effects of soil pollution
 Pollution runs off into rivers and kills the fish, plants and other
aquatic life.
 Crops and fodder grown on polluted soil may pass the pollutants
on to the consumers.
 Polluted soil may no longer grow crops and fodder
 Corrosion of foundations and pipelines
 May release vapors and hydrocarbon into buildings and cellars
 May create toxic dusts

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 39
 Methods to control Soil Pollution
 Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide use.

 Recycling paper, plastics and other materials reduces the

volume of refuse in landfills, another common cause of soil
pollution.
 Reusing of materials

 De-forestation, the cutting down of trees, causes erosion,

pollution and the loss of fertility in the topsoil.
 Planting trees--or re-forestation--helps prevent soil erosion and

pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 40
 Methods to control Soil Pollution

Source:[Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 41
 Methods to control Soil Pollution

Source: [Link]
Source: [Link]
composting

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 42
 Ground water pollution
 Defined as the artificially induced degradation of natural
groundwater quality

 Pollution can impair the use of water and can create hazards to
public health through toxicity or the spread of disease.

 In contrast with surface water pollution, subsurface pollution is

difficult to detect and control, and may persists for decades.

 Efforts are increasing to prevent, reduce and eliminate water

pollution

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 43
 Sources Of Ground Water Pollution

 Ground water contamination scenarios :-

 Point sources: Storage tanks, landfills, pipeline releases etc.

 Nonpoint sources: Agricultural activities

 Contamination originates from the disposal of groundwater

following its use for a wide variety of purposes

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 44
 Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 45
 Sources and Causes of Pollution
 All sources and causes of pollution can be classified as to their
geometry
 Point sources : Originates from a single location
 Line sources : Predominantly linear arrangement
 Diffuse sources : Occupies an extensive area

 Principal sources and causes of pollution with regard to their

occurrence:-
 Municipal sources and causes
 Industrial sources and causes
 Agricultural sources and causes
 Miscellaneous sources and causes

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 46
 A. Municipal sources and causes
a) Sewer leakage
 Sources: Poor workmanship, defective sewer pipe, breakage
by tree roots, ruptures from heavy loads, earthquakes, loss of
foundation support etc.
 Results: Introduce high concentrations of BOD,COD,
nitrate, organic chemicals, bacteria and heavy metals into
groundwater.
b) Liquid wastes
 Sources: Domestic wastes, Disposal wells industries, storm,
runoff etc.
 Results: Introduce bacteria, viruses, trace elements and heavy
metals, inorganic and organic chemicals etc.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 47
 Municipal sources and causes

c) Solid wastes
 Sources: Landfills
Results:
 Leachate from landfills can pollute groundwater
 Leachate include iron manganese, nitrate, trace elements
etc.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 48
 2. Industrial sources and causes
a) Liquid wastes
 Sources: Industrial waste water discharged into pits, ponds,
lagoons etc.

 Results: Introduction of hazardous and toxic industrial wastes

into the groundwater

b) Tank and pipeline leakage

 Sources: Gasoline stations, fuel oil tanks, petroleum and
petroleum products from industrial pipelines and tanks

 Results: Immiscible liquids like oil and petroleum, liquid

radioactive wastes etc. reaches the water table and pollutes the
groundwater

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 49
 c) Mining activities
 Sources:-
 Coal, phosphate and uranium mines
 Stone, sand and gravel quarries

 Results: Low pH, increase in iron, aluminum and

sulphate content in the soil

d) Oil-field brines
 Sources:-
 Substantial discharges of wastewater in the form of brine
 Constituents of brine include sodium, calcium, ammonia,
boron, chloride, trace metals and high total dissolved
solids

 Results: Groundwater become saline

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 50
 [Link] sources and causes
a) Irrigation Return Flows
 Sources: Irrigation return flow drains to surface channels or
joins the underlying water
 Results:-
 Increases salinity of groundwater
 Increases the amount of bicarbonate, sulphate, chlorides,
nitrates etc. in the groundwater
b) Animal wastes
 Sources: Wastes from slaughter houses
 Results:- pollutant that may reach the water table
 Salts, organic loads and bacteria are transported into the soil
 Nitrate-nitrogen is the most important persistent

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 51
 C) Fertilizers and Soil Amendments
Sources:
Leachate of phosphate and potassium fertilizers
Leachate of soil amendments like lime, gypsum and sulphur

Results: Increases salinity of soil

d) Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides

Sources: Leachate of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides
used in agricultural fields

Results: Causes serious consequences in relation to the

portability of water

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 52
 Land-use activities & their potential threat to
ground water quality
Land Use Activities potential to groundwater pollution

 Un-severed sanitation
 Land & stream discharge of sewage
 Sewage oxidation ponds
Residential  Sewer leakage, solid waste disposal, landfill leachate
 Road & urban run-off, aerial fall out
 Process water, effluent lagoon etc.
 Land & stream discharge of effluents
 Tank & pipeline leakage & accidental spills.
Industrial &  Well disposal of effluent
Commercial  Aerial fall out
 Landfill disposal & solid wastes & Hazardous wastes
 Poor housekeeping
 Spillage & leakages during handling of material
 Mine drainage discharge
 Process water, sludge lagoons
Mining  Solid mine tailings
 Oilfield spillage at group gathering stations
 Cultivation with agrochemicals
Rural  Irrigation with wastewater
 Soil Stalinizations
 Livestock rearing

Source: [Link]
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 53
 Common Ground Water Contaminants
CONTAMINANTS SOURCE EFFECT
DISEASE OR TOXIC

•NITRATES •sewage, fertilizers, air •blue baby

•pollution, landfills & •(methamoglobinamia)
•industries.
•PATHOGENS •sewage, landfills, septic tanks •typhoid, cholera,
•& livestock’s. •dysentery, polio, and
•hepatitis
•TRACE METALS •industrial & mine discharges, fly ash •toxic & carcinogenic.
from thermal power plants either
due to fall out or disposal in ash
ponds.

•INORGANIC •Inorganic dissolves-so4, chloride. •gastrointestinal

•CONSTITUENTS •problems
•ORGANIC COMPOUNDS •Agricultural activities, street drainages, •toxic & carcinogenic
sewage landfills, industrial discharges,
spills, vehicular emissions fall out etc.

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 54
 Prevention of Water Contamination
Strict check should be maintained on the quality of drinking water
Sanitation system must be improved.
Public awareness- Health education
Cleaning chemicals that contain toxic substances should not be
used extensively.
Use proper procedures for handling chemicals (Paints,
Pesticides, Insecticides, polishing materials, cleaning chemicals and
detergents).

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 55
 The effluents from the industries should be neutralized and
properly treated and suspended matter to removed by settlement
or filtration.

From the industrial effluents, specific poisons have to be

removed by chemical methods before discharge into streams.
Public sewers should be connected to biological treatment plants.

Minimize the use of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers. DO NOT

dispose of these chemicals, motor oil, or other automotive fluids
into the sanitary sewer or storm sewer systems. Both of them end
at the river.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 56
 Participation of industries
Minimize use of Toxic / Hazardous Raw Materials
Contaminants must be disposed, handled, and transported properly
Implement monitoring programs: Leak Detection and repair
program, spill detection, spill control, emergency response plan
Manage Properly: Waste materials, their transport and disposal.
Minimize use of house hold chemicals containing Hazardous
substances.
Reduce pesticide application
Immediately clean any spills and report any leakages to concerned
department.
Monitor Periodically: Groundwater quality

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 57
 Ground Water Remediation
Ground water remediation is process that is use to remove the
pollution from the ground water.
It is divided into two technologies:
(1) Ex- Situ Technology
Stream stripping
Oxygen sparging
Bioremediation
Carbon adsorption
(2) In – Situ Technology
Air sparging
Chemical oxidation
Thermal treatment

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 58
 Surface water pollution
Any change or modification in the physical, chemical and
biological properties of water that will have a detrimental
consequence on living things is water pollution.

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes,

rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater), very often by human
activities.

 Water pollution is the second most imperative environmental

concern along with air pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 59
 Types of water pollution

Nutrients Pollution
Surface water pollution
Oxygen Depletion
Suspended Matter Pollution
Chemical Water Pollution
Oil Spillage pollution
Ground water pollution
Microbiological pollution

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 60
 Types of water pollution
 Nutrient Pollution : Some waste water, fertilizers and
sewages contain high levels of nutrients. If they end up in
water bodies, they encourage algae and weed growth in the
water. This will make water undrinkable and even clog filters.
 Surface water pollution : Surface water includes natural
water found in the earth’s surface, like river, lakes, lagoons
and oceans. Hazardous substances coming into contact with
this surface water, dissolving or mixing physically with the
water can be called surface water pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 61
 Oxygen Depleting : When to much biodegradable matter end
up in water, it encourages more microorganism growth, and they
use up more oxygen in the water.
If oxygen is depleted, aerobic organism die, and anaerobic
organism grow more to produce harmful toxins such as
ammonia and sulfides.
Suspended Matter : Some pollutants do not easily dissolve in
water. This kind of material is called particulate matter.
Some suspended pollutants later settle under the water body.
This can harm and even kill aquatic life that live at the floor of
water bodies.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 62
 Chemical Water Pollutoin : Many industries and farmers
work with chemicals that end up in water. These includes
chemicals that are used to control weeds, insects and pests.
Metals and solvents from industries can pollute water bodies.
These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may slow
their development, make them infertile and kill them.
Oil Spillage : Oil spills usually have only a localized affect on
wildlife but can spread for miles. The oil cause the death of
many fish and stick to the feathers of seabirds causing them to
lose the ability to fly.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 63
 Ground Water pollution : When humans apply pesticides
and chemicals to soils, they are washed deep into the ground
by rain water. This gets to underground water, causing
pollution underground. This means when we dig wells and
bore holes to get water from underground, it needs to be
checked for ground water pollution.
Microbiological : In many communities in the world,
people drink untreated water(straight from a river or stream).
Sometimes there is natural pollution caused by
microorganism like virus, bacteria and protozoa. This natural
pollution can cause fishes and other water life to die.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 64
 Causes of Water Pollution

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 65
 Effects

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 66
 Effects of Water Pollution

Spread of disease: Drinking polluted water can cause cholera

or typhoid infections, along with diarrhea.
Affects body organs: The consumption of highly contaminated
water can cause injury to the heart & kidneys.
Harms the food chain: Toxins within water can harm aquatic
organisms, thus breaking a link in the food chain.
Flooding: The erosion of soil into waterways causes flooding,
especially with heavy rainfall.
Harms animals: Birds that get into oil-contaminated water die
from exposure to cold water and air due to feather damage.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 67
 Remedies of Water Pollution
Turn off running water
Fertilized correctly
Dispose of Toxic Chemicals Properly
Organized and participate in a clean up
Avoid Plastics When Possible
The rivers must not be contaminated
Get Active and Get Involved
Spread awareness

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 68
 Prevention of Water Pollution

Never throw rubbish away anyhow. Always look for the correct
waste bin. If there is none around, please take it home and put it in
your trash can. This includes places like the beach, riverside and
water bodies.
Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use.
Also, you can reduce the amount of water you use in washing and
bathing. If we all do this, we can significantly prevent water
shortages and reduce the amount of dirty water that needs
treatment.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 69
 If you use chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms,
be mindful not to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will
reduce runoffs of the chemical into nearby water sources.

Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at

home and other public places.
They are less dangerous to the environment.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 70
  Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down
the sink drain, or the toilet

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 71
 Liquid Waste (Sewage/Wastewater) Treatment
Wastewater (liquid waste) from flushing the toilet, bathing,
washing sinks and general cleaning goes down the drain and into a
pipe, which joins a larger sewer pipe under the road. The larger
pipe also joins a major pipe that leads to the treatment center.

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 72
 Environmental Acts and Rules
Applicable in India

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 73
 Following is a list of major Environmental Acts and Rules applicable in
India:
 The Water (Prevention & Control of pollution) Act 1974 (as amended upto
1998)
 The Water (Prevention & Control of pollution) Cess Act, 1977 (as
amended by Amendment of 1991)
 The Air (Prevention & Control of pollution) Act, 1981 (as amended by
Amendment of 1986)
 Environment Protection Act 1986
 Hazardous waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1989.
 The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991
 Environment Protection Amendment Rule 1983.
 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (Amendment)
Rules 1984.
 The Factories Act 1984.
 The Forest Conservation Act 1980.
 The Notification on Environment Impact Assessment 1994.
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 74
 Major Environmental Laws
I. The water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1974
 This act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution
and the maintenance or restoration of wholesomeness of water.
 Subject to the provisions in the Act, no person without the
pervious consent of the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
can establish any industry, operation or any treatment and disposal
system or an extension or addition there to which is likely to
discharge sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well sewer or
on hand and have to apply to the SPCB concerned to obtain the
‘consent to establish’ as well as the ‘consent to operate’ the
industry after establishment.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 75
 II. The water (prevention and control of
pollution) Cess act, 1977
 The main purpose of this Act is to levy and collect Cess on
water consumed by certain categories of industry specified in
the schedule appended to the Act.

 The money thus collected is used by CPCB and SPCBs to

prevent and control water pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 76
 III. The air (prevention and control of
pollution) act, 1981
 The objective of the Air Act 1981 is to prevent, control and reduce
air pollution including noise pollution.

 Under provisions of this Act, no person shall, without previous

consent of the SPCB, establish or operate any industrial plant in air
pollution control area the investor has to apply to the
SPCB/Pollution Control Committee (PCB) to consent.

 No person operating any industrial plant shall emit any air pollution
in excess of the standards laid down by the SPCB and have to
comply with the stipulated conditions.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 77
 IV. The Environment (protection) act, 1986
 This is an umbrella Act for the protection and improvement of
environment and for matters connected, which provides that no
person carrying on any industry, operation or process should
discharge or emit or permit to discharged or emitted any
environmental pollutant in excess of such standards as may be
prescribed.

 Several rules relative to various aspects of management of

hazardous chemicals, wastes, etc. have been notified. Under this
Act, Central Govt. has rusticated, prohibited location of industries
in different areas so as to safeguard the environment.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 78
 IV. The Environment (protection) act, 1986
 Many standards for air emissions, discharge of effluent and
noise have been evolved and notified.

 Subject to the provision of this Act, Central Govt. has the

power to take all measures as it deemed necessary for the
purpose of protection and improving the environment.

 Procedures, safeguards, prohibition and restriction on the

handling of hazardous substances along with the prohibition
and restriction on the location of industries in different areas
have notified.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 79
 V. The National Environment Tribunal Act,
1995.
 The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 is
enacted to provide for strict liability for damages
arising out of indents occurring during handling of
hazardous substances and for establishment of
National Environment Tribunal effective and
expunction disposal of cases arising from such
accidents, with a view to giving relief and
compensation damages to person, and the environment

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 80
 GLOBAL CASE STUDIES

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 81
 Air Pollution – Case Study
1. Kolkata Case Study
 Kolkata, one of the fastest growing metropolises in India has been
suffering from air pollution for many decades.
 The rapid urbanization coupled with ineffective government control
has been fuelling this problem. The study aims to analyses the
present level of different air pollutants like Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM), NO2 and SO2.
 The result of the analysis shows the critical level of air pollutants
specially the SPM and NO2 in different parts of city.
 By zoning the city into residential, commercial and industrial areas,
the result shows the difference between the levels of pollution in
each area.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 82
 Contd..
 The second part of the study explored the seasonal variation
of air pollution and it has been found all of the pollutants
reach its highest concentration during winter.

 Extending the study, the paper also tries to establish the

relationship between the air pollutants and metrological
factors by using the Spearman’s Rank Correlation.

 The results show an inverse relation between the

concentration of pollutants and the metrological factors such
as precipitation, wind, temperature and relative humidity.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 83
 2. Delhi case study
 Air pollution is responsible for many health problems in the urban
areas.
 Of late, the air pollution status in Delhi has undergone many
changes in terms of the levels of pollutants and the control measures
taken to reduce them.
 The urban air database released by the World Health Organization
in September 2011 reported that Delhi has exceeded the maximum
PM10 limit by almost 10-times at 198 μg/m3.
 Vehicular emissions and industrial activities were found to be
associated with indoor as well as outdoor air pollution in Delhi.
 Delhi has taken several steps to reduce the level of air pollution in
the city during the last 10 years. However, more still needs to be
done to further reduce the levels of air pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 84
 Case studies: Industrial Disasters
 Bhopal Gas Leak (1984)
 World’s worst ever industrial accident.
 Night of December 2-3, 1984.
 Union Carbide (now Dow Chemical )
pesticide plant, Bhopal India
 Toxic gases, (Methyl Isocyanate C2H3NO
 Used in production of carbamate pesticides)
leaked.
 The deadly fumes drifted into the sleeping
city and people woke with burning eyes and
lungs.
 Thousands died within days.
 In the years after, pollutants seeping out of
the plant site into groundwater have caused,
cancer, growth retardation and dizziness.
Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 85
 What happened in Bhopal tragedy?
 Night of Dec 3rd, 1984.
 Water was sent in the pipes to clean up Union Carbide plant in
Bhopal.
 Water had to be kept in isolation from METHYL ISO CYANIDE
but weren’t.
 The safety norms were not adequate and water reached tank 610,
set off a reaction and deadly gas METHYL ISO CYANATE leaked
out of vent gas scrubber tower and reached outside.
 Around 15,274 people were killed on the spot and > 5.73 lakh
victims maimed.
 The gas when reached outside was too late for people to respond
and evacuate.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 86
 Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986)
 The biggest radiation contamination ever, April 26, 1986.

 Chernobyl nuclear power plant’s core went into meltdown.

 31 people killed and releasing 100 times more radiation than the
atom bombs dropped on Japan.

 Even more radioactivity remains trapped within the plant.

 From 1992 to 2002 in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine more than 4000
cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed among children and
adolescents, mainly due to contaminated milk.

 The 19-mile exclusion zone around the plant remains uninhabitable.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 87
 Chernobyl nuclear power plant

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 88
 Fukushima nuclear disaster (2011)
 Fukushima plant suffered major damage from the magnitude 9.0
earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan on March 11, 2011.

 The next day, the leakage of radioactive materials had been found in
front of the main gate of the nuclear power plant.

 The steam was filled in the building by the core melt down caused
by the dysfunction of the cooling system.

 Lots of radioactive materials were scattered in the environment

thorough “vent” to reduce the internal pressure and the hydroponic
explosions of the nuclear reactors

 On April 12th, 2011, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency raised

the rate of the accident from level 5 to the level 7, the same level as
Chernobyl.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 89
 Fukushima nuclear disaster (2011)

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 90
 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
 April 20, 2010.
 The Deepwater Horizon offshore oil
rig in the Gulf of Mexico exploded,
killing 11 workers and leading to the
worst oil spill and environmental
catastrophe in US history.
 A ruptured underwater pipe spewed
almost 5 million barrels of oil into
the Gulf over three months,
threatening hundreds of miles of
beaches, wetlands, and estuaries.
 Thousands of animals, including
turtles, crabs, fish, and birds fell
victim, and the local fishing and
tourism industries suffered badly.

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 91
 The Pacific Garbage Patch
 The Pacific Garbage Patch is a
semi- permanent floating
island of plastic trash,
circulated by the currents of the
North Pacific Gyre, which
often deposits junk on island
beaches.

 Larger items like fishing nets

can entangle and drown sea
animals and choke seabirds,
while smaller items eventually
dissolve and so pollute the
marine food chain. Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 92
 Sukinda Valley, India
 The Sukinda Valley in Orissa state, India contains 97% of India’s
chromite ore Deposits, used mainly to make chrome plating and
stainless steel.

 Mining processes leave toxic chromium hexavalent in surface and

drinking water, the soil, and the air.

 Residents suffer from gastrointestinal bleeding, tuberculosis, and

asthma. Infertility and birth defects are common.

 The Orissa Voluntary Health Association reported that 85% of

deaths in mining areas and nearby villages occurred due to
chromite-mine-related diseases.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 93
 Sukinda Valley, India

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 94
 Certainty Based Marking Questions
1. Air pollution from automobiles can be controlled by fitting?
(a) Electrostatic precipitator
(b) Wet collector (Scrubber)
(c) Catalytic Converter.
(d) All of the above.
Ans. (c)
2. Which of the following is characteristic of hazardous waste?
(a) Ignitability
(b) Corrosivity
(c) Reactivity
(d) Any of the above
Ans. (d)
3. What type of noise can be abated by providing lining on walls and ceiling with sound absorbing
material?
(e) Source Noise
(f) Reflection Noise
(g) Structural Noise
(h) Direct air – borne noise
Ans. (b)

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 95
 Recalling of Earlier Concepts
 Environmental Pollution (Sources, Impacts, Corrective and
Preventive measures, Relevant Environmental Acts, Case-
studies)
 Surface Water Pollution
 Ground Water Pollution;
 Noise pollution;
 Soil Pollution and
 Air Pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 96
 Waste Management & Public Health
Aspects: Bio-medical Wastes; Solid waste;
Hazardous wastes; E-wastes; Industrial and
Municipal Sludge.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 97
 Waste Management & Public Health Aspects
 It is defined as "Any solid/liquid waste including its
container and any intermediate, which is generated during
diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings and
animals”.

Waste is generated by
 Healthcare facilities
 Research facilities
 Laboratories

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 98
 Classification of biomedical waste

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 99
 Problems associated with biomedical waste

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 100
 Categories of BMW

Source: [Link]
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 101
 Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 102
 Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 103
 Types of waste
 Infectious waste: waste contaminated with blood and other
bodily fluids, cultures and stocks of infectious agents from
laboratory work or waste from patients with infections (e.g.
swabs, bandages and disposable medical devices);
 Pathological waste: human tissues, organs or fluids, body
parts and contaminated animal carcasses;
 Sharps waste: syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and
blades, etc.;
 Chemical waste: solvents and reagents used for laboratory
preparations, disinfectants, sterilants and heavy metals
contained in medical devices

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 104
 Types of waste
 Pharmaceutical waste: expired, unused and contaminated
drugs and vaccines;
 Cytotoxic waste: waste containing substances with
genotoxic properties such as cytotoxic drugs used in cancer
treatment and their metabolites;
 Radioactive waste: such as products contaminated by
radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic material or
radio therapeutic materials; and
 Non-hazardous or general waste: waste that does not pose
any particular biological, chemical, radioactive or physical
hazard.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 105
 Sources of biomedical waste

The major sources of health-care waste are:

 hospitals and other health facilities
 laboratories and research centres
 mortuary and autopsy centres
 animal research and testing laboratories
 blood banks and collection services
 nursing homes for the elderly

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 106
 • Health risks
 Health-care waste contains potentially harmful microorganisms
that can infect hospital patients, health workers and the general
public. Adverse health outcomes associated with health care
waste and by-products also include:
 sharps-inflicted injuries;
 toxic exposure to pharmaceutical products,
 chemical burns arising in the context of disinfection, sterilization
or waste treatment activities;
 air pollution arising due to release of particulate matter during
medical waste incineration; thermal injuries occurring in
conjunction with open burning and the operation of medical waste
incinerators; and radiation burns.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 107
 Environmental Impact
 Release of pathogens and toxic pollutants into the environment.
 The disposal of untreated health care wastes in landfills can lead to
the contamination of drinking, surface, and ground waters if
those landfills are not properly constructed.
 inadequate incineration or the incineration of unsuitable materials
results in the release of pollutants into the air and in the generation
of ash residue.
 Incineration of heavy metals or materials with high metal content
can lead to the spread of toxic metals in the envirt
 Only modern incinerators operating at 850-1100 °C and fitted with
special gas-cleaning equipment are able to comply with the
international emission std’s for dioxins and furans.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 108
 Waste management: reasons for failure

 Lack of awareness about the health hazards related to health-care

waste.

 inadequate training in proper waste management.

 absence of waste management and disposal systems, insufficient

financial and human resources and the low priority given to the
topic are the most common problems connected with health-care
waste.

 Many countries either do not have appropriate regulations, or

do not enforce them.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 109
 Key elements in improving health-care waste
management are
 Where feasible, favoring the safe and environmentally sound
treatment of hazardous health care wastes (eg, by autoclaving,
microwaving, steam treatment integrated with internal
mixing, and chemical treatment) over medical waste
incineration.

 Building a comprehensive system, addressing

responsibilities, resource allocation, handling and disposal.
This is a long-term process, sustained by gradual
improvements;

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 110
 Key elements in improving health-care waste
management are
 Raising awareness of the risks related to health-care waste,
and of safe practices; and

 selecting safe and environmentally-friendly management

options, to protect people from hazards when collecting,
handling, storing, transporting, treating or disposing of waste.

 Government commitment and support is needed for

universal, long-term improvement, although immediate action
can be taken locally.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 111
 Solid Waste Management
 Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other
liquid and solid waste from households and the community, are a
serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases.
 Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and other
creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste
that decomposes and releases a bad odour.
 This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the
health problems.
 Eg. The plague outbreak in Surat is a good example
 Plastic waste is another cause for ill health. Thus excessive solid
waste that is generated should be controlled by taking
certain preventive measures.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 112
 Impacts of solid waste on health
 Direct handling of solid waste can result in various types of
infectious and chronic diseases with the waste workers and the
rag pickers.
 Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause serious
health risks. Other than this, co-disposal of industrial
hazardous waste with municipal waste can expose people to
chemical and radioactive hazards.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 113
 Impacts of solid waste on health
 Uncollected solid waste can also obstruct storm water
runoff, resulting in the forming of stagnant water bodies
that become the breeding ground of disease.
 Waste dumped near a water source also causes
contamination of the water body or the ground water
source.
 Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and
lakes results in the accumulation of toxic substances in
the food chain through the plants and animals that feed on
it.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 114
 Disposal of solid waste
 Disposal of hospital and other medical waste requires special
attention since this can create major health hazards.
 The waste generated from the hospitals, health care centres,
medical laboratories, and research centres such as discarded
syringe needles, bandages, swabs, plasters, and other types of
infectious waste are often disposed with the regular non-
infectious waste.
 Improperly operated incineration plants cause air pollution and
improperly managed and designed landfills attract all types of
insects and rodents that spread disease.
 Landfill sites should be well lined and walled to ensure that
there is no leakage into the nearby ground water sources

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 115
  Recycling too carries health risks if proper precautions are not
taken.
 Workers working with waste containing chemical and metals
may experience toxic exposure.
 Disposal of health-care wastes require special attention since it
can create major health hazards, such as Hepatitis B and C,
through wounds caused by discarded syringes.
 Rag pickers and others who are involved in scavenging in the
waste dumps for items that can be recycled, may sustain
injuries and come into direct contact with these infectious
items.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 116
 Preventive measures
 Proper methods of waste disposal have to be undertaken to
ensure that it does not affect the environment around the area
or cause health hazards to the people living there.
 At the household-level proper segregation of waste has to be
done and it should be ensured that all organic matter is kept
aside for composting, which is undoubtedly the best method
for the correct disposal of this segment of the waste. In fact,
the organic part of the waste that is generated decomposes
more easily, attracts insects and causes disease. Organic waste
can be composted and then used as a fertilizer.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 117
 Public Health Aspects
Solid waste may consists of:
 Human pathogens — handkerchiefs, diapers, contaminated food
and surgical dressings
 Animal pathogens — waste from pets
 Soil pathogens — garden waste’
The pathogens should be checked, from invading the human
host by the following methods:
 Good hygiene and dietary habits must be followed.
 Those involved regularly with solid waste must be vaccinated
for pathogenic dis­eases.
 Specific waste storage and handling techniques must be
introduced. The wastes most amenable to disease transmission
must be separated at source.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 118
 Legal Aspects of Solid Waste Management
 The Directive of Environmental Assessment and the proposed
Directive on Landfill are important directives on solid waste in
the Urban Centres.
 Strict waste acceptance criteria and procedures are set out
for:
 (i) Waste acceptance
 (ii) Chemical, physical and biological waste properties
 (iii) Suitability of wastes
 (iv) Waste loading rates
 (v) Water, leachate and gas control
 (vi) Water balance and groundwater protection.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 119
 Environmental aspects of solid waste
management
Disadvantages of landfill site:
 landfill site and dump sites, if not properly operated, cause soil
and ground water contamination.
 Landfill causes litter, scavengers, fires, rat infestations and a
terrible odour.
 landfilling in moist climates produces enormous quantities of
leachate which are toxic.
 Landfilling in dry climate causes localized air pollution problems.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 120
 Integrated Solid Waste Management:

The priorities in a waste management policy are:

 To reduce the amount of waste
 To manufacture products with minimal waste
 To promote good practice of waste monitoring
 To identify areas for improvement by regular “waste
audits” by various producers and consumers
 To reuse, reprocess and remanufacture products.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 121
 Integrated Solid Waste Management

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 122
 Hazardous Waste Management
 Hazardous wastes refer to wastes that may, or tend to cause
adverse health effects on the ecosystem and human beings.

 These wastes pose present or potential risks to human health

or living organisms, due to the fact that they:
 are non-degradable or persistent in nature
 can be biologically magnified
 are highly toxic and even lethal at very low concentrations

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 123
 Sources of Hazardous Waste

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 124
 Waste Minimization

Helps in resource conservation, economic efficiency &

environmental protection.
The strategies include—
 source reduction,
 recycling and
 waste exchange

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 125
 Equipment for Collection of Hazardous Waste

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 126
 Waste Management & Public Health Aspects:
Industrial and Municipal Sludge
 Industrial waste refers to the solid, liquid and gaseous
emissions, residual and unwanted wastes from an industrial
operation. Industrial wastes are hazardous since they are
corrosive, reactive, genitive and toxic hence leading to
extensive pollution.

 Industrial waste can be reduced through recycling, treatment

before release and utilizing bio-friendly methods of
manufacturing.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 127
 Waste Management
 Waste Management is the collection, transport, processing or
disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The
term usually relates to materials produced by human activity,
and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on
health, the environment or aesthetics

 Waste management is a distinct practice from resource

recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of
natural resources. All waste materials, whether they are solid,
liquid, gaseous or radioactive fall within the remit of waste
management.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 128
 Landfill

 Disposal of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and

this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills
were often established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining
voids or borrow pits.

 A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a

hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of
waste materials.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 129
 Landfill
 Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create
a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-
blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid
leach ate.
 Another common product of landfills is gas (mostly
composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced
as organic waste breaks down an aerobically.
 This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation,
and is a greenhouse gas.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 130
 Incineration
 Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes
are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue
and gaseous products.

 This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid

waste management and solid residue from waste water
management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste
to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume.
 Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment
systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment".
Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and
ash.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 131
 Recycling
 Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the
collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty
beverage containers. The materials from which the items are
made can be reprocessed into new products.

 Material for recycling may be collected separately from

general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles are
sorted directly from mixed waste streams and are known as
kerb-side recycling, it requires the owner of the waste to
separate it into various different bins (typically wheelie bins)
prior to its collection.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 132
 Sustainability
 The management of waste is a key component in a business'
ability to maintaining ISO14001 accreditation. Companies are
encouraged to improve their environmental efficiencies each
year by eliminating waste through resource recovery
practices, which are sustainability-related activities.

 One way to do this is by shifting away from waste

management to resource recovery practices like recycling
materials such as glass, food scraps, paper and cardboard,
plastic bottles and metal.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 133
 Biological Reprocessing
 Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant
material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered
through composting and digestion processes to decompose the
organic matter.

 The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or

compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes.

 In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can

be captured and used for generating electricity and heat
(CHP/cogeneration) maximizing efficiencies.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 134
 Resource Recovery
 Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses
LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to offer alternatives to
waste management.

 For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad

studies have indicated that administration, source separation
and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-
organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production
of the organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the
favored path.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 135
 Avoidance and Reduction Method
 An important method of waste management is the prevention
of waste material being created, also known as waste
reduction.

 Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products,

repairing broken items instead of buying new, designing
products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of
plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using
disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing
any food/liquid remains from cans, packaging, ... and
designing products that use less material to achieve the same
purpose (for example, light weighting of beverage cans)

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 136
 E Waste
 E- waste can be defined as “waste equipment which is dependent
on electric currents or electromagnetic fields to work properly
and designed for use with a voltage rating not exceeding 1000
Volt for alternating current and 1500 Volt for direct current”. or
 E- waste may be defined as “any device connected to a power
source that no longer satisfies the current owner to the purpose
for which it was created”.
 Popularly known as E Waste can be defined as electronic and
electrical equipment’s / Products (Including the connecting
power plug and batteries) which has been obsolete due to:
i. Changes in fashion, style and status
ii. Nearing the end of their useful life

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 137
 Introduction to E- Waste
 E-Waste comprises of a broad and growing range of electronic
devices, ranging from large household devices such as
refrigerators, air conditioners, cell phones, personal stereos,
and consumer electronics to computers which have been
discarded by their users.
 With the presence of deadly chemicals and toxic substances in
the electronic gadgets, disposal of E-Waste is becoming an
environmental and health nightmare.
 Globally only 15 – 20 percent of E-Waste is recycled while the
rest is dumped into developing countries such as India, China
and Nigeria.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 138
 Introduction to E- Waste

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 139
 Sources of E-Waste

 IT and Telecom Equipments

 Large Household Appliances
 Small Household Appliances
 Consumer and Lighting Equipments
 Electrical and Electronics Tools
 Toys, Leisure and Sports Equipment
 Medical Devices
 Monitoring and Control Devices

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 140
 Classification of E-Waste
E-Waste can be classified as:
 Temperature exchange equipment’s such as cooling and
freezing equipment(refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners,
heat pumps)

 Screens, monitors (televisions, monitors, laptops, notebooks,

and tablets)

 Lamps such as straight fluorescent lamp, compact fluorescent

lamp and LED lampsetc.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 141
 Classification of E-Waste

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 142
 Composition of E-waste (Indian Scenario)

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 143
 Environmental and Health Hazards

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 144
 Hazard due to Improper Disposal

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 145
 Hazard due to Improper Disposal

Source: [Link]

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 146
 Why Recycling is required?
 Land filling of E -Wastes can lead to the leaching of lead into
the ground water.
 If the CRT is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the
air.
 The cadmium from one mobile phone battery is enough to
pollute 600 m3 of water.
 Huge impact on health & Environment because of E-Waste
around.
 Unfortunately, Barely 4% of the E-Waste produced in India is
recycled.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 147
 Why do we need to recycle ?

 Huge gap between generation & recycling of E-Waste

 Keeps city clean in terms of e – waste.
 Provides value for obsolete electronic items.
 Avoids health hazards.
 Reduces environmental degradation.
 Organizes the informal sector.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 148
 Recycling of E-Waste

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 149
 Steps followed by the company for
recycling

 Recycling efficiency is
to recover upto 98% of
recyclable products
and dispose off the
remaining hazardous
waste through TSDF.
(Hazardous Waste
Transportation and
Disposal Services.

Source: [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 150
 Step-by Step Process of E-waste Recycling
 The e-waste recycling process is highly labor intensive and
goes through several steps. Below is the step-by-step process
of how e-waste is recycled,

1) Picking Shed
When the e-waste items arrive at the recycling plants, the first
step involves sorting all the items manually. Batteries are
removed for quality check.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 151
 2) Disassembly
 After sorting by hand, the second step involves a serious labor
intensive process of manual dismantling. The e-waste items
are taken apart to retrieve all the parts and then categorized
into core materials and components. The dismantled items are
then separated into various categories into parts that can be re-
used or still continue the recycling processes.

3) First size reduction process

 Items that cannot be dismantled efficiently are shredded
together with the other dismantled parts to pieces less than 2
inches in diameter. It is done in preparation for further
categorization of the finer e-waste pieces.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 152
 4) Second size reduction process
 The finer e-waste particles are then evenly spread out through
an automated shaking process on a conveyor belt. The well
spread out e-waste pieces are then broken down further. At this
stage, any dust is extracted and discarded in a way that does
not degrade the environmentally.

5) Over-band Magnet
 At this step, over-band magnet is used to remove all the
magnetic materials including steel and iron from the e-waste
debris.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 153
 6) Non-metallic and metallic components separation
 The sixth step is the separation of metals and non-metallic
components. Copper, aluminum, and brass are separated from
the debris to only leave behind non-metallic materials. The
metals are either sold as raw materials or re-used for fresh
manufacture.
7) Water Separation
 As the last step, plastic content is separated from glass by use
of water. One separated, all the materials retrieved can then be
resold as raw materials for re-use. The products sold include
plastic, glass, copper, iron, steel, shredded circuit boards, and
valuable metal mix.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 154
 E-Waste components re-use
1) Plastic
All the plastic materials retrieved are sent to recyclers who use
them to manufacture items such as fence posts, plastic sleepers,
plastic trays, vineyard stakes, and equipment holders or insulators
among other plastic products.

2) Metal
Scrap metals materials retrieved are sent to recyclers to
manufacture new steel and other metallic materials.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 155
 E-Waste components re-use
3) Glass
Glass is retrieved from the Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) mostly
found in televisions and computer monitors.
Tubes in big CRT monitors can contain high levels of lead of up
to 4 kilograms. Other toxic metals such as barium and phosphor
are also contained in CRT tubes.

To achieve the best environmentally friendly glass extraction,

the following steps ensure a specialized CRT recycling:
 Manual separation of the CRT from the television or monitor
body
 Size reduction process where the CRT is shredded into
smaller pieces. Dust is eliminated and disposed in an
environmentally friendly way.
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 156
 E-Waste components re-use
 All metals are removal through over-band magnets, where
ferrous and non-ferrous components are eliminated from the
glass materials.
 Glass sorting is the final step whereby leaded glass is separated
from non-leaded glass. The extracts can then be used for
making new screens.
4) Mercury
Mercury containing devices are sent to mercury recycling facilities
that uses a specialized technology for elimination for use in dental
amalgams and metric instruments, and for fluorescent lighting.
5) Printed Circuit Boards
Circuit boards are sent to specialized and accredited companies
where they are smelted to recover non-renewable resources such
as silver, tin, gold, palladium, copper and other valuable metals.
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 157
 E-cycle components re-use
6) Hard Drives
Hard drives are shredded in whole and processed into aluminum
ingots for use in automotive industry.

7) Batteries
Batteries are taken to specialized recyclers where they are hulled
to take out plastic. The metals are smelted is specialized
conditions to recover nickel, steel, cadmium and cobalt that are
re-used for new battery production and fabrication of stainless
steel.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 158
 Objectives of E waste rules
 To Minimize illegal recycling and to promote safe recovery
operations by channelizing E-waste to registered E-waste
recyclers.
 Extended Responsibilities to producers to manage the system
of E-waste collection/take back and channelizing to a
registered dismantler/recycler
 Reduce Hazardous substances in Electrical and Electronic
components.
 To regulate the generation, collection, storage, transportation,
import, export etc.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 159
  E-Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2011 have 6 chapters,
3 schedules and 6 forms. And following procedures have been
included
 Procedure for Authorization of producers, dismantlers, collection
agencies, and recyclers.
 Procedure for registration/renewal of registration of recyclers
 The producer of electrical and electronic equipment's is
responsible for the entire life cycle of its own branded product
and in particular the environmentally sound end-of-life
management and facilitating collection and take back.
 Liability of producers, collection agencies, transporter,
dismantlers and recyclers.
 Reduction of hazardous substances used in E- equipment.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 160
 E -Waste Disposal Methods
1) LANDFILLING

 This is the most common methodology of e-waste disposal.

Soil is excavated and trenches are made for burying the e-
waste in it.

 An impervious liner is made of clay or plastic with a leachate

basin for collection and transferring the e-waste to the
treatment plant. However, landfill is not an environmentally
sound process for disposing off the e-waste as toxic substances
like cadmium, lead and mercury are released inside the soil
and ground water.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 161
 E -Waste Disposal Methods
2) ACID BATH

 Acid bath involves soaking of the electronic circuits in the

powerful sulphuric, hydrochloric or nitric acid solutions that
free the metals from the electronic pathways.

 The recovered metal is used in the manufacturing of other

products while the hazardous acid waste finds its ways in the
local water sources.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 162
 E -Waste Disposal Methods
3) INCINERATION

 This is a controlled way of disposing off the e-waste and it

involves combustion of electronic waste at high temperature in
specially designed incinerators.

 This e-waste disposal method is quite advantageous as the

waste volume is reduced extremely much and the energy
obtained is also utilized separately. However, it is also not free
from disadvantages with the emission of the harmful gases
mercury and cadmium in the environment.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 163
 Certainty Based Marking Questions
1. Which toxic compound is not found in e-waste?
A. Mercury
B. Cadmium
C. Neon
D. Lead
Ans: (c)
What is the main purpose of hazard identification?
a) To minimize the effect of a consequence
b) For better risk management
c) To characterize adverse effect of toxins
d) To reduce probability of occurrence
Ans. (c)
3. What is the most expensive component of solid waste handling?
(a) collection
(b) storage
(c) Treatment
(d) Separation
Ans. (a)

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 164
 SELF ASSESSMENT LINK

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 165
 Self- Assessment Link on Module 3
Environmental Pollution
 The below link covers the multiple choice questions on
ecosystems and biodiversity

 [Link]
vB2UEy6eTUVeQV7lna2NdNCGpZCtmYw_eJRhvtURERPV
EYxMFJZU0JWNFcxR0E1WlhFM0wxMC4u

 Expected Outcome: After attending the self assessment,

students will be able to Recall the basic concepts on
environmental pollution and its current scenario

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 166
 UNIVERSITY/ DESCRIPTIVE
QUESTIONS

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 167
 Descriptive Questions on Module 3
Environmental Pollution
 List the major air pollutants and explain their effects on human
beings.
 Explain the management methods for infectious waste.
 What are the impacts of noise on human beings and
environment?
 Write short notes on the health problems associated with the
MSW handling personnel.
 Explain the control methods of water pollution.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 168
 NPTEL LINK
 [Link]
 The above link covers the topics of:
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Soil pollution
 Expected Outcome: After undergoing the NPTEL lecture
students will be able to restate the relationship of different
types of pollutants and their harmful effects on
environment.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 169
 FDP Content Link
 The below link on FDP covers the concepts of environment
and environmental management system:

 https
://[Link]/file/d/1A0d7plMc9STC9dyc3KueqIcCA-
KQIvTw/view?usp=sharing

 Expected Outcome: after viewing to the above content the

students will be able to have an insight on environmental audit
and structure and policy of EMS.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 170
 Innovative Content Link
 The above link discusses about the recent innovations in the
field of environmental sciences:

 https
://[Link]/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/
environmental-science

 Expected Outcome: After viewing the above link the students

will be able to identify the current hotspots of environmental
studies and will be helpful for undergoing research in the
future.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 171
 References
 BOOKS
 Environmental Studies - Benny Joseph - Tata Mc Graw – Hill.
- 2nd Edition, 2012
 Environmental Studies – From Crisis to Cure - R Raja
Gopalan - Oxford Publisher 2005
 Environmental Studies – Anil Kumar De and Arnab Kumar De
– New age International Publishers – 2 nd Edition, 2011
 George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen , Samuel A Vigil,
“Integrated Solid Waste Management : Engineering principles
and management issues”, M/c Graw hill Education . Indian
edition.
 Howard S Peavy, Donald R Rowe and George Tchobanoglous,
“Environmental Engineering”, Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing
Co ltd.

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 172
 References

 JOURNALS
 [Link]
294657920_Biodiversity_and_its_conservation
 [Link]
0_12
 WEBSITES
 [Link]
 [Link]
Environmental-Science_7433/
 [Link]
recycling-process/
 [Link]

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 173
 MVJ College of Engineering
Near ITPB, Whitefield
Bangalore-560 067 Thank You
M: hod_civil@[Link]
P: +91 80 4299 1040

An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 (B), Accredited by 174