Magnetically Coupled
Circuits
Chapter#13
After completing this chapter, you will
Understand magnetically coupled circuits.
Learn the concept of mutual inductance.
Be able to determine energy in a coupled circuit.
Learn how to analyze circuits involving linear and ideal transformers.
Be familiar with ideal autotransformers.
Learn how to analyze circuits involving three-phase transformers.
12.1 Introduction
The circuits we have considered so far may be regarded as conductively coupled, because one loop
affects the neighboring loop through current conduction
When two loops with or without contacts between them affect each other through the magnetic field
generated by one of them, they are said to be magnetically coupled
The transformer is an electrical device designed on the basis of the concept of magnetic coupling. It
uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another.
They are used in electronic circuits such as radio and television receivers for such purposes as impedance
matching, isolating one part of a circuit from another, and again for stepping up or down ac voltages and
currents.
We will begin with the concept of mutual inductance and introduce the dot convention used for determining
the voltage polarities of inductively coupled components. Based on the notion of mutual inductance, we
then introduce the circuit element known as the transformer. We will consider the linear transformer, the
ideal transformer, the ideal autotransformer
12.2 Mutual Inductance
When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic flux caused by
current in one coil links with the other coil, thereby inducing voltage in the latter. This phenomenon is
known as mutual inductance According to Faraday’s law, the voltage induced in the coil
Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect
to coil 2.
Dot Convention is used to establish the choice of correct sign for the mutually induced voltages in
coupled circuits.
The dots are used along with the dot convention to determine the polarity of the mutual voltage. The dot
convention is stated as follows:
Thus, the reference polarity of the mutual voltage depends on the reference direction of the inducing
current and the dots on the coupled coils.
Examples illustrating how to apply the dot convention.
and
Model that makes analysis of mutually coupled easier to solve.
• We first determine the value of the induced voltages and then we determine the appropriate signs.
• I1 induces a voltage within the second coil represented by the value j I1 and I2 induces a voltage of j
I2 in the first coil.
• Since I1 enters L1 at the dotted end, it induces a voltage in L2 that tries to force a current out of the
dotted end of L2 which means that the source must have a plus on top .
• I2 leaves the dotted end of L2 which means that it induces a voltage in L1 which tries to force a
current into the dotted end of L1 requiring a dependent source that has a plus on the bottom.
Example:
Solution:
Practice Problem 13.1
Example: Calculate the mesh currents in the circuit shown below.
Solution:
Practice Problem 13.2
5.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
The total energy w stored in a mutually coupled inductor is:
Positive sign is selected if both currents ENTER or LEAVE the dotted
terminals.
Otherwise we use Negative sign.
1 2 1
w L1i1 L2i2 2 Mi1i2
2 2
• We will now establish an upper limit for the mutual inductance M.
• The extent to which the mutual inductance M approaches the upper limit is specified by the
coefficient of coupling k, given by
The Coupling Coefficient k is a measure of the magnetic coupling between two coils
If the entire flux produced by one coil links another coil, then and we have 100
percent coupling, or the coils are said to be perfectly coupled. For coils are said
to be loosely coupled; and for they are said to be tightly coupled.
k 1 Perfect Coupling
k 0.5 Loosly Coupling
k 0.5 Tightly Coupling
0 k 1
M
k
L1 L2
a) Loosely coupled coil b) Tightly coupled coil
We expect k to depend on the closeness of the two coils, their core, their orientation, and their windings
The air-core transformers used in radio frequency circuits are loosely coupled, whereas iron-core
transformers used in power systems are tightly coupled
Example:
Solution:
Substituting this into above equation
Practice Problem 13.3
For the circuit shown below, determine the coupling coefficient and the energy stored in the coupled
inductors at t = 1.5 s.
12.4 Linear Transformers
A transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two or more magnetically
coupled coils.
The transformer is called LINEAR if the coils are wound on magnetically linear
material.
For a LINEAR TRANSFORMER flux is proportional to current in the windings.
Resistances R1 and R2 account for losses in the coils.
The coils are named as PRIMARY and SECONDARY.
Let us obtain the input impedance as seen from the source,
V ( R1 j L1 ) I1 j MI 2
0 j MI1 ( R2 j L2 Z L ) I 2
ZR
V 2M 2
Z in R1 j L1 R1 j L1 Z R
I1 R2 j L2 Z L
2M 2
ZR REFLECTED IMPEDANCE
R2 j L2 Z L
• Secondary impedance seen from the primary side is the Reflected Impedance.
Example:
Assume that it is
Linear
transformer.
Solution:
It should be noted that the result in Z in is not affected
by the location of the dots on the transformer.
Practice Problem13.4:
Find the input impedance of the linear transformer circuit shown below and the
current from the voltage source.
Equivalent T Circuit for Linear Transformers
The coupled transformer can equivalently be represented by an EQUIVALENT T circuit
using UNCOUPED INDUCTORS.
a) Transformer circuit b) Equivalent T circuit of the transformer
La L1 M , Lb L2 M , Lc M
Equivalent П Circuit for Linear Transformers
The coupled transformer can equivalently be represented by an EQUIVALENT П circuit
using uncoupled inductors.
a) Transformer circuit b) Equivalent Π circuit of the transformer
L1 L2 M 2 L1L2 M 2 L1L2 M 2
LA , LB , LC
L2 M L1 M M
Example: Determine the T-equivalent circuit of the linear transformer shown below.
Solution:
Example:
Solution:
We need to replace the magnetically coupled coils with the T-equivalent circuit. First, due to
the current reference directions and voltage polarities, we need to replace –M. Since Ꙍ is not
specified, we can assume Ꙍ = 1 rad\sec or any other value;
Substituting
Practice Problem 13.5
13.5 Ideal Transformers
A Ideal Transformer is a unity Coupled, lossless transformer in which the primary
and secondary coils have infinite self inductances.
A Transformer is ideal if:
1.) Large reactance coils; L1 , L2 , M
2.) Unity Coupling k=1.
3.) Coils are lossless (R1=R2=0)
Ideal transformer
Circuit symbol for the Ideal transformer
An ideal transformer has no power loss; all power applied to the primary is all delivered to the
load. Actual transformers depart from this ideal model. Some loss mechanisms are:
Winding resistance: Causing power to be dissipated in the windings.
Hysteresis loss: Due to the continuous reversal of the magnetic field.
Core losses: Due to circulating current in the core (eddy currents).
Flux leakage: Flux from the primary that does not link to the secondary.
Winding capacitance: It has a bypassing effect for the windings.
The ideal transformer does not dissipate power. Power delivered from the source is passed on to
the load by the transformer.
The efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of power delivered to the load (Pout) to the power
delivered to the primary (Pin).
Input-Output Variables of an Ideal Transformer
The input and output voltages and currents of an
ideal transformer are related only by the turns ratio.
V1 j MI 2
V1 j L1 I1 j MI 2 I1
j L1
MV1 j M 2 I 2
V2 j MI1 j L2 I 2 V2 j L2 I 2
L1 L1
Perfect Coupling k 1, Thus we have M L1 L2 Substitute
L1 L2 V1 j L1 L2 I 2 L2 N
V2 j L2 I 2 V1 nV1 2 V1
L1 L1 L1 N1
V2 N 2
n Turns Ratio
V1 N1
Input-Output Variables of an Ideal Transformer
V2 I1 N2
n
V1 I 2 N1
A Ideal Transformer is called:
1.) Step-up transformer if n > 1.
2.) Step-down transformer if n < 1.
3.) Isolation transformer if n=1.
Transformer Dot Convention
Transformer DOT convention is needed to assign the polarity of the output variables.
1.) If V1 and V2 are BOTH + or BOTH – at the dotted terminals use +n, otherwise –n.
2.) If I1 and I2 BOTH ENTER or BOTH LEAVE the dotted terminals use –n, otherwise +n.
V2 I1 N2
n
V1 I 2 N1
In phase Out of phase
Dot convention indicating the phase relationship between the input and the output.
Dot Convention for Ideal Transformers
Typical circuits illustrating polarity for voltages and direction of currents of an ideal transformer
Reflected Impedance of Ideal Transformers
The ability of a transformer to transform a given impedance to another value is very useful in IMPEDANCE MATCHING.
Zth
a) Obtaining the VTh. b) Obtaining the Z Th.
Since terminals a-b are open, I1 = I2=0 so that V1=Vs2
V2 Z 2I 2
V2 Vs 2 V1 n n Z2
VTh V1 Z Th 2
n n I1 nI 2 nI 2 n
Reflected impedance
Equivalent circuit of reflection of the secondary to primary side.
Z2
Z R1 2 Reflected to Primary
n
Equivalent circuit of reflection of the primary to secondary side.
Z R 2 n 2 Z1
Reflected to Secondary
Conservation of the Complex Power
An ideal transformer absorbs no power.
The complex power in the primary winding is equal to the complex power delivered to the secondary
winding.
Transformer absorbs no power. We assume a lossless transformer.
S1 S2
V2
S1 V I
1 1 (nI2 ) V2 I2 S2
n
Example: An ideal transformer is rated at 2400/120 V, 9.6 kVA, and has 50 turns on the
secondary side. Calculate: (a) the turns ratio, (b) the number of turns on the
primary side, and (c) the current ratings for the primary and secondary windings
Solution:
(a) This is a step-down transformer, since
(b)
(c)
Practice Problem 13.6:
The primary current to an ideal transformer rated at 2200 / 110 V is 5 A.
Calculate: (a) the turns ratio, (b) the kVA rating, (c) the secondary current.
Answer: (a) 1/ 20 (b) 11 kVA (c) 100 A.
Example:
Solution:
Method II
120 = 11.09 33.690 x (4-j6) + V1
120 = 80 -22.61o + V1
V1 = 55.46 33.68o V
𝑉2
But = -2 . So that V2 = 110.92 213.68o
𝑉1
Practice Problem 13.7:
Example:
Solution: Reflection to the secondary or primary
side cannot be done with this circuit. We
apply mesh analysis
We now have four equations and four unknowns
Practice Problem
13.8
13.6 Ideal Autotransformers
An auto transformer is a transformer in which both the primary and secondary are in a single winding.
Autotransformers are smaller and lighter than an equivalent two winding transformer.
Electrical isolation is lost between the primary and secondary windings.
a) step-down autotransformer b) step-up autotransformer
V1 I 2 N1 N 2 N V1 I 2 N2
1 1
V2 I1 N2 N2
V2 I1 N1 N 2
Compare the power ratings of the two-winding transformer in (a) and the
autotransformer in (b).
Example:
Solution:
This is a step-up autotransformer with
Practice Problem 13.9: