CHAPTER 4
CONTENT
Decision Support System(DDS)
Executive Support System(ESS)
Knowledge Management System(KMS)
Geographic Information System(GIS)
International Information System(IIS)
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DECISION SUPPORT
SYSTEM (DDS)
A decision support system (DSS) is a computerized program
used to support determinations, judgments, and courses of
action in an organization or a business. A DSS sifts through
and analyzes massive amounts of data, compiling
comprehensive information that can be used to solve
problems and in decision-making.
Typical information used by a DSS includes target or projected
revenue, sales figures or past ones from different time periods,
and other inventory- or operations-related data.
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KEY TAKEAWAYS
• A decision support system (DSS) is a computerized system that gathers
and analyzes data, synthesizing it to produce comprehensive information
reports.
• A decision support system differs from an ordinary operations
application, whose function is just to collect data.
• Decision support systems allow for more informed decision-making,
timely problem-solving, and improved efficiency in dealing with issues or
operations, planning, and even management.
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UNDERSTANDING A DECISION
SUPPORT SYSTEM (DDS)
A decision support system gathers and analyzes data,
synthesizing it to produce comprehensive information reports. In
this way, as an informational application, a DSS differs from an
ordinary operations application, whose function is just to collect
data. The DSS can either be completely computerized or powered
by humans. In some cases, it may combine both.
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USING A DDS
The DSS can be employed by operations
management and other planning departments in an
organization to compile information and data and
synthesize it into actionable intelligence. In fact, these
systems are primarily used by mid- to upper-level
management.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A DDS
The primary purpose of using a DSS is to present
information to the customer in an easy-to-understand
way. A DSS system is beneficial because it can be
programmed to generate many types of reports, all
based on user specifications. For example, the DSS
can generate information and output its information
graphically, as in a bar chart that represents projected
revenue or as a written report.
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WHAT IS A DECISION SUPPORT
SYSTEM USED FOR?
In organizations, a decision support system (DSS) analyzes and
synthesizes vast amounts of data to assist in decision-making.
With this information, it produces reports that may project
revenue, sales, or manage inventory. Through the integration of
multiple variables, a DSS can produce a number of different
outcomes based on the company’s previous data and current
inputs.
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM?
Many different industries, from medicine to agriculture, use
decision support systems. To help diagnose a patient, a medical
clinician may use a computerized decision support system for
diagnostics and prescriptions. Combining clinician inputs and
previous electronic health records, a decision support system
may assist a doctor in diagnosing a patient.
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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF A
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM?
Broadly speaking, decision support systems help in making more informed
decisions. Often used by upper and mid-level management, decision support
systems are used to make actionable decisions, or produce multiple possible
outcomes based on current and historical company data. At the same time,
decision support systems can be used to produce reports for customers that are
easily digestible and can be adjusted based on user specifications.
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EXECUTIVE SUPPORT
SYSTEM(ESS)
Executive Support System (ESS) is software used by companies
which has information related to business, which enables the top
management to take better decisions in favor of the company.
ESS mainly deals with data related to key departments like billing,
accounting, scheduling, staffing etc. In addition to providing quick
access to the data, ESS helps to analyze the data systematically
and helps the companies to even forecast and prepare for the
future.
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ESS thus saves valuable time
of the executives in digging the
huge pile of information to
identify the critical data and
helps them spend more time
on brainstorming and decision
making by providing only the
required data. ESS can be
used to view and analyze both
the present data and predicted
future data.
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (KMS)
A knowledge management system (KMS) is a
customer service software tool used by companies, specifically to
organize documentation, frequently asked questions, and other
information into easily accessible formats for both internal staff and
external customers.
Knowledge management is the process of identifying, gathering,
storing, evaluating, and sharing all of the valuable information
organizations create in their day-to-day operations.
It involves capturing answers to frequently (and not-so-frequently)
asked questions and documenting them in an easy-to-understand
format across multiple file types. This could include step-by-step
written articles, videos, or images.
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE TO
INCLUDE IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT?
• EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE
Explicit knowledge is easily documented knowledge that’s
usually easy to turn into an article. It’s a description of or a set
of steps toward achieving something.
Content examples include tutorials, listicles, how-to, and
guides. When planning these assets, gather explicit knowledge
through fact-finding with your subject matter experts.
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE TO
INCLUDE IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT?
• IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE
Implicit knowledge is information customers need to infer from
explicit knowledge. It requires customers to interpret existing
pieces of explicit knowledge as described above, or general
knowledge to create desired outcomes.
For example, how to combine software integration with your
productivity platform to create an all-in-one productivity suite.
Gather implicit knowledge by documenting your employees’
and customers' use cases. Then explain how to combine
another knowledge to achieve them.
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE TO
INCLUDE IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT?
• TACIT KNOWLEDGE
Tacit knowledge comes from experience and typically requires
a lot of context and practice to acquire.
For instance, knowing immediately what to do during an
emergency or that a specific shoe brand doesn't give you
enough arch support.
Tacit knowledge is hard to gather because it’s often specific
and requires individual testing. Start by getting specialists or
senior team members together to disseminate complex ideas
and use that to build larger training content.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE TO
INCLUDE IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT?
BRINGING THESE ALL TOGETHER
Explicit knowledge is knowing what apples, cinnamon, flour,
and sugar are.
Implicit knowledge is knowing they can combine to make a
pie.
Tacit knowledge is knowing the exact combination of the
ingredients that make the most delicious pie without looking up
a recipe.
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BENEFITS OF A KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. Organizes & makes information accessible from a single source of truth.
2. Keeps information up to date.
3. Makes self-service functionalities more effective & deflects support tickets.
4. Allows agents to share & reuse knowledge and learnings.
5. Empowers customers to help themselves & improves customer satisfaction.
6. Provides more detailed help to customers.
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EXAMPLES OF KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
1. Freshdesk
Freshdesk is a feature-rich, powerful knowledge management software that can
manage, curate, and share company knowledge for both employees and customers.
2. Document360
Document360 is a popular document management system that helps build online
public and private knowledge bases to manage and share company knowledge.
Key features include:
• Article version history
• Document tagging
• Content migration
GEOGRAPHIC
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INFORMATION SYSTEM
(GIS)
Geographical information system (GIS) is basically defined as a
systematic integration of hardware and software for capturing, storing,
displaying, updating manipulating and analyzing spatial data. A GIS
can be defined as a computing application capable of creating, storing,
manipulating, visualizing, and analyzing geographic information. It
finds its strongest applications in resources management, utilities
management, telecommunications, urban and regional planning,
vehicle routing and parcel delivery, and in all of the sciences that deal
with the surface of the Earth. Geographic Information System is a
system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations and
institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing and
disseminating information about areas of the earth.
GIS can also be viewed as an interdisciplinary area that
incorporates many distinct fields of study such as:
1. Geodesy that is basically projection,surveying,
cartography and so on.
2. Remote Sensing
3. Photogrammetry
4. Environmental Science
5. City Planning
6. Cognitive Science
As a result, GIS relies on progress made in fields such as
computer science, databases, statistics, and artificial
intelligence. All the different problems and question that
arises from the integration of multiple disciplines make a
more than a simple tool.
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REQUIREMENTS FOR GIS
Geographic Information requires a means of integration
between different sources of data at different level of
accuracy. System basically deals with the aspects of daily
life, so it must be updated daily to keep it current and
reliable. Much of the Information Stored in GIS are for
practical use requires a special means of retrieval and
manipulation.
GIS system and application basically deals with information
that can be viewed as data with specific meaning and
context rather than simple data.
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COMPONENTS OF GIS SYSTEM
GIS system can be viewed as an integration of three components are
hardware and software, data, people.
Hardware and software –
• Hardware relate to device used by end users such as graphic
devices or plotters and scanners. Data storage and manipulation is
done using a range of processor. With the development of the
Internet and Web based application, Web servers have become
part of many systems’ architecture, hence most GIS’s follows 3-Tier
architecture.
• Software parts relates to the processes used to define, store and
manipulate the data and hence it is akin to DBMS. Different models
are used to provide efficient means of storage retrieval and
manipulation of data.
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COMPONENTS OF GIS SYSTEM
GIS system can be viewed as an integration of three components are
hardware and software, data, people.
Data –
Geographic data are basically divided into two main groups are vector
and raster.
Vector data/layers in GIS refers to discrete objects represented by
points, lines and polygons. Lines are formed by connecting two or
more points and polygons are closed set of Lines. Layers represent
geometries that share a common set of attributes.
Raster data is a continuous grid of cells in two dimension or the
equivalent of cubic cells in three dimensions. Raster data are divided
conceptually into categorical and continuous. In a categorical raster
every cell value is linked to a category in a separate table.
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COMPONENTS OF GIS SYSTEM
GIS system can be viewed as an integration of three components are
hardware and software, data, people.
People–
People are involved in all phases of development of a GIS system and
in collecting data. They include cartographers and surveyors who
create the maps and survey the land and the geographical features.
They also include system users who collect the data, upload the data
to system, manipulate the system and analyze the results.
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INTERNATIONAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM (IIS)
An international information system (IIS) is a system of computer-based
components that allow for the capture, storage, retrieval, dissemination
and use of information within and across organizational and national
boundaries. IISs are often used to support international business activities
such as cross-border trade, foreign direct investment, technology transfer
and global marketing. IISs can be designed and operated in a number of
different ways, depending on the needs of the organizations involved.
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INTERNATIONAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM (IIS)
For example, IISs may be designed to facilitate communication between
organizations, or they may be designed to support the sharing of
information among a group of organizations. In some cases, IISs may be
designed to allow for the exchange of information between individuals.
IISs can take a variety of forms, including email systems, online
databases, intranets and extranets. They may also include mobile
applications, social media platforms and cloud-based services.
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INTERNATIONAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM (IIS)
As a result, information systems are made up of six major components:
hardware, software, network communications, data, people, and processes.
An information system is a collection of components that work together to
achieve a specific goal. People (end users and IS specialists), hardware
(machines and media), software (programs and procedures), data (data and
knowledge basis), and networks (communications media and network support)
are all considered. The information system model highlights the interactions
between various components and functions of the system. Data is a plural form
of the datum in both singular and plural form, but it is the singular form.
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INTERNATIONAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM (IIS)
There are several types of data, including alphanumeric data composed of
numbers and other characters in alphabetical order. Data on a spacecraft
launch or the sale of a car would be generated in the event of such an
occurrence. To operate effectively, all types of businesses and their computer-
based information systems rely on communications networks. A
telecommunications network is made up of computers, communications
processors, and other devices that are linked to communications media and
controlled by software. An information system is made up of five fundamental
components, which are described as follows in detail below.
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REFERENCES
Segal, Troy., July (2022) “Decision Support System (DSS): What It Is and How Businesses Use Them.”
[Link]
%20system%20(DSS)%20is%20a%20computerized%20program%20used,problems%20and%20in
%20decision%2Dmaking.
MBA Skool Team, “Executive Support System ESS - Definition & Meaning” Information Technology &
Systems
[Link]
“Knowledge management systems (KMS): Strategies, benefits, and implementation guide”, Freshwork
[Link]
Akashkumar17, September (2022), Geographical information system (GIS) and its Components
[Link]
Levi, October (2022), THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
[Link]
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Members:
Christjan Bern Dequito
Rustom Luzara
John Patrick Villanueva
Angel Legaspi