Chapter 3: The concrete bridge

designed by AASHTO

Lecturer: Dr. LENG Khundadino

Chapter 3
1. Dead load on the bridge
2. Investigate Service Limit State
3. Verification section
4. Control of cracking
5. Live load deflection of single beam

6. The deflection of group beam duo to live load

7. The deflection of group beam duo to dead load
Page 01
1. Dead load on the bridge

Page 02
1. Dead load on the bridge

γc : Density of concrete 25kN/m3

γw : Density of bituminous 22.5kN/m3

Page 03
1. Dead load on the bridge
- Exterior beam :
E
WDL  WDC  WDW
WDC  (0.45  0.7  2.5  0.2)   c  20.38 kN m
WDW  (2.5  0.38)  0.075  w  3.58 kN m
 WDL
E
 23.96 kN m

- Interior beam :
I
WDL  WDC  WDW
WDC  (0.45  0.7  2.5  0.2)   c  20.38 kN m
WDW  2.5  0.075   w  4.22 kN m
 WDL
I
 24.6 kN m

γc : Density of concrete 25kN/m3

Page 04
γw : Density of bituminous 22.5kN/m3
1. Dead load on the bridge

+ Edge curb
Wbarrier  0.196   c  4.9 kN / m

+ Middle curb
Wmiddlecurve  0.348   c  8.7 kN / m

γc : Density of concrete 25kN/m3

Page 05
γw : Density of bituminous 22.5kN/m3
1. Dead load on the bridge

+ Calculate M dead load

- Interior beam :

W
DC,middlecurve  WDC ,beam  WDW   L2
load  M DC  M DW   650.39kN .m
I I I
M dead
8
load  M DC  M DW  563.67 kN .m
E E E
M dead

Page 06
Note : L=12.5m
Summery from Chapter2:

Page 07
+ Moment due to live load on Interior beam :

Page 08
2. Investigate Service Limit State

Design Applications of Service Load Combinations

Page 09
2. Investigate Service Limit State
 Service I Limite State
- Moment in Interior beam
I
M Service I  M I
DC  M I
DW  M I
LL  IM

- Moment in Exterior beam

E
M Service I  M E
DC  M E
DW  M E
LL  IM

 Approximate reinforcement rebar

M ax
M Service I
As 
 Max ( M fs  j  d
Max E I
M Service I Service I ,M Service I )
f s  0.6  f y
f y  Tensile strength of steel (Mpa)
j  0.875(Coefficient to approximate the reinforcement rebar)
d  Effective depth: distance between the outside compressive fiber and the center of gravity of the tensile reinforcement (mm)
Page 10
2. Investigate Service Limit State
+ Calculate the reinforcement rebar of T section beam with the bending moment below.
I  1259kN .m and I  1418kN .m
I E
- Moment in Interior and exterior beam M Service M Service

M ax
M Service I 1418
Max
M Service I  Max (1418kN .m,1259kN .m)  1418kN .m
 As    86.56 cm 2

fs  j  d 240 103  0.875  0.78

f s  0.6  f y  0.6  400 MPa  240 MPa
Use: 1DB32  8.04cm 2 / bar
j  0.875
86.56
d  0.78m  As   10.76  12bars
8.04 Page 11
3. Verification section
+ Calculate the deq

As1  d1  As 2  d 2 As 3  d3  As 4  d 4
d eq 
As1  As 2  As 3  As 4
As1  As 2  As 3  As 4  As
d1  d 2  d3  d 4 850  780  710  640
 d eq    745mm
4 4 Page 12
3. Verification section

+ Verify the section of beam for As  12DB32

M ax
M Service I 1418
 As    90.61cm 2
 12DB32 ok !
f s  j  d eq 240 10  0.875  0.745
3

Page 13
3. Control of cracking

 '  Sd i i

S i

I    I  S (d
g gi i i   ') 2

bi hi3
I gi 
12

Si :the area of element

I gi :the local moment of inertia of rectangular element
I g : the gross moment of inertia of the T section
Page 14
4. Control of cracking
Uncracked Section

fc
M ser
fc  '
Ig

f c : stress in concrete for the gross uncracked section (MPa)

Page 15
4. Control of cracking

The calculation of the cracking moment of beam in AASHTO LRFD, the moulus of rupture is computed as
follow:
f r  0.63 f c'

f r : modulus of rupture of concrete (MPa).

f c' : strength of concrete (MPa).

+ In order to control the crack, we need to verify:

f c  0.8 f r Section is uncracked.

f c  0.8 f r Section is cracked.
Page 16
4. Control of cracking
Cracked Section

M ser  (d eq  x)
f s ,actual  nf c  n 
I cr
f s ,actual : the actual tensile stress in steel (MPa)
fc : the tensile stress in concrete for the cracked section (MPa)
I cr : the cracked moment of inertia of the section (mm 4 )
n : equality coefficient of concrete and reinforcement Page 17
4. Control of cracking

A-A
Longitudinal section
Section A-A
Es : Young Modulus of steel
Ec : Young Modulus of concrete, Ec  0.043   c1.5 f c'
M ser  (d eq  x)
 c : density of concrete = 2400 kg/m 3
f s ,actual  nf c  n 
'
I cr
f : strength of concrete (MPa)
c

Es f s ,actual : the actual stress in steel (MPa)

n : equality coefficient of concrete and reinforcement, n 
Ec
Page 18
 4. Control of cracking

+ Location of neutral axis Assume the stresses and strains vary linearly.
By equation of equilibrium of the first moment of area :
 x
beff  x     n  As  (d eq  x)
2
nA 2nAs d eq
x2  2 s x  0
beff beff
2
 nAs  2nAs d eq
  
b beff
 eff 
2
nA  nA  2nAs d eq
x s   s  
beff b beff
 eff 

 beff x 3
    
x
2 4
2
N : number of rebar. I cr  ( I gi  Si d )  
2
 beff  x       N   nAs  (d eq  x ) 
 12  2    64 
 : Diameter of rebar (mm)
4 Page 19
I cr : the cracked moment of inertia of the section (mm )
4. Control of cracking

Z
f s ,actual  f s ,allow   0.6 f y
 dc A
1/3

f s ,actual : the tensile actual stress in steel (MPa)

f s ,allow : allowable tensile stress in steel (MPa)
fy : strength of steel (MPa).
Z  f s 3 dc A ( Z :crack width parameter)
Z  30000 N / mm, It is in moderate exposure condition.
Z  23000 N / mm, It is in severe exposure condition

d c : concrete cover measured from the extreme tension

fiber to the center of the closest barbut not to be
taken greater than 50mm
A : Area of concrete having the same centoid, as the
principle tensile reinforcement divided
by the number of the rebar.
Page 20
Cracked width
4. Control of cracking

2t  b 310mm  450mm
A   11625mm 2 ( A  Area of concrete with same centoid per bar)
N 12
Z 30000
f s ,allow    359.5 MPa (For moderate exposure condition)
 dc A  50 11625 
1/3 1/3

Z 23000
f s ,allow    275.6 MPa (For severe exposure condition)
 dc A 50 11625 
1/3 1/3
Page 21
5. Live load deflection of single beam

Page 22
5. Live load deflection of single beam

+ Live load deflection limited :

L
 LL 
800
where L is the span of bridge.

 Deflection will be the larger of :

1. Deflection resulting from the design truck (HS-20) alone

2. Deflection resulting from 25% of design truck plus the design lane load

L
 LL  max( Truck
; Lane+25%Truck
)
800

Page 23
5. Live load deflection of single beam

+ Wheel loaded :

 IM 
Pwheel  N L  m  P  1  
 100 

N L : number of design lanes

IM : Impact factor. IM=33%.

 Ex. NL =3 Lanes
- Front wheel : P1  3  0.85  35  1.33  118.7 kN
- Middle wheel : P2  3  0.85 145 1.33  491.8kN
- Behind wheel : P3  3  0.85 145  1.33  491.8kN
Page 24
5. Live load deflection of single beam

+ Find the deflection resulting from the design truck alone

P1 x1  P2 x2  P3 x3
xG 
P1  P2  P3

Page 25
5. Live load deflection of single beam

The center of gravity of truck :

P1 x1  P2 x2  P3 x3
xG 
P1  P2  P3
118.7  0  491.8  4.3  491.8  8.6
 xG   5.755m
118.7  491.8  491.8

xG  2a  4.3m
 a  0.728m

Page 26
5. Live load deflection of single beam

The deflection of truck :

Truck
max   P1   P 2   P 3

 P1 : The deflection duo to front wheel loaded

 P 2 : The deflection duo to middle wheel loaded
 P 3 : The deflection duo to behind wheel loaded Page 27
5. Live load deflection of single beam
The effective moment of inertia Ie use for the calculation of long-term deflection.

 M cr 
3
  M 3 
Ie    I g  1     I cr  I g
cr

Ig  Ma    M a  
M cr  f r
'
M a  M max, DL  M max, LL
Where M max, LL  max( M LL
I
 IM ; M E
LL  IM )

Ie : the effective moment of inertia of the section (mm 4 )

I g : the gross moment of inertia of the section (mm 4 )
M cr : cracking moment (N-mm)
f r : modulus of rupture of concrete (MPa)
M a : maximum moment in component at the satage for which deformation is computed (N-mm)
Page 28
5. Live load deflection of single beam

The deflection duo to front wheel loaded:

Pb
1 1x
 P1  ( L2  b12  x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec  27700 MPa
I  I e  0.026m 4
118.7 103 1.222  6.978
  P1  (12.52  1.2222  6.9782 )  2.06mm
6  27700  I e 12.5

Page 29
5. Live load deflection of single beam

The deflection duo to middle wheel loaded :

P2b2 x 2 2
P2  ( L  b2  x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec  27700 MPa
I  I e  0.026m 4
491.8 10 3  5.522  6.978
 P2  (12.52  5.522 2  6.9782 )  28.11mm
6  27700  I e 12.5

Page 30
5. Live load deflection of single beam

The deflection duo to behind wheel loaded :

P3b3 x 2 2
 P3  ( L  b3  x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec  27700 MPa
I  I e  0.026m 4
491.8 103  2.678  5.522
  P3  (12.52  2.6782  5.522 2 )  16.6mm
6  27700  I e 12.5

 Truck
max  2.06  28.11  16.6  46.77 mm
Page 31
5. Live load deflection of single beam

Calculate  Lane+25%Truck  ?
5 qLane  L4
 Lane 
384 Ec  I e

qLane  N L  m  (Lane load) =3  0.85  9.3kN / m  23.715kN / m

5 23.715 103 12.54

  Lane   10.88mm
384 27700  0.026

  Lane+25%Trucke  10.88  0.25  46.77  22.57mm

  LL  max(46.77 mm; 22.57 mm)  46.77 mm

L 12500
 LL  46.77 mm    15.625mm No !
800 800 Page 32
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

Page 33
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

Area= 5  0.815=4.075m 2
 0.7    0.2 
5  (0.45  0.7)   (0.2  2.5)    0.7 
 Si d i  2    2 
 '   0.626m
 Si 4.075
Page 34
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

I g  I G    I Gi  Si  di  v ' 
2
 
 2.5  0.23 0.45  0.73 
 Ig  5    0.5(0.8  0.626) 2  0.315(0.35  0.626) 2   0.268m4
 12 12 
Page 35
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

Max
M Service 1418
f c (tension) 
I
 '  0.626  3.312 MPa
Ig 0.268
0.8 f r  0.63 f c'  0.8  0.63  30  2.76 MPa
f c (tension) > 0.8 f r  Section is cracked
Page 36
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload
+ Calculate the reinforcement rebar of T section beam with the bending moment below.
I  1259kN .m and I  1418kN .m
I E
- Moment in Interior and exterior beam M Service M Service

M ax
M Service 1418
M Max
Service I  Max(1418kN .m,1259kN .m)  1418kN .m  As 
I
  86.56cm 2
fs  j  d 240 10  0.875  0.78
3

f s  0.6  f y  0.6  400 MPa  240 MPa

Use: 1DB32  8.04cm 2 / bar
j  0.875
86.56
d  0.78m  As   10.76  12bars Page 37
8.04
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload
+ Calculate the deq

   As ,i  d eq ,i  
d eq    
  A  5d eq ,single beam
 d eq   d eq ,single beam  745mm
s ,i

As1  As 2  As 3  As 4  As  12 DB32 5
As d eq ,1  As d eq ,2  As d eq ,3  As d eq ,4  As d eq ,5
 d eq 
5 As
d eq ,1  d eq ,2  d eq ,3  d eq ,4  d eq ,5  d eq ,single beam Page 38
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

+ Location of neutral axis x=?

nGroup beam  nSingle beam  n  7

b 
- Location of neutral axis : Number of beam   eff  x 2   Number of beam   n  As  (d eq  x) 
 2 
b 
5   eff  x 2   5   n  As  (d eq  x) 
 2 
beff
  x 2  n  As  (d eq  x)
2
1.25 x 2  7 As (d eq  x)
1.25 x 2  0.0675 x  0.05  0
  0.254
 x  0.174m Page 39
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

+ Calculate the moment of inertia of cracked section Icr, Group beam

I cr ,Group beam  Number of beam  I cr ,single beam (Size of interior beam =Size of exterior beam)
 beff x 3
    
x
2 4
2
I cr ,single beam  ( I Gi  Si d )  
2
 beff  x       N   nAs  (d eq  x )   0.0264m 4
 12  2    64 
 I cr ,Group beam  5  0.0264  0.132m 4

N : number of rebar.
 : Diameter of rebar.

Page 40
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

M ser  (d eq ,Group beam  x) 1.418  (0.745  0.174)

 fs  n   7  42.94 MPa
I cr ,Group beam 0.132
+ Known :

0.6  f y  0.6  400 MPa  240 MPa

f sa  275.6 MPa (For severe exposure condition)

f s  42.94 MPa  0.6 f y  240 MPa ok !

f s  42.94 MPa  f sa  275.6 MPa ok !

Page 41
6. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

+ Calculate Ie,Group beam

 M cr 
3
  M cr  
3

I e,Group beam    I g ,Group beam  1      I cr ,Group beam

 Ma    M a  

Suppose:
I g ,Group beam  0.268m 4
M max, DL  2738kN .m
M max, LL  2133kN .m I cr ,Group beam  0.132m 4
 M a  M max, DL  M max, LL  4871kN .m

f r  3.45MPa
I g ,Group beam 0.268
 M cr  f r  3.45 103   1477 kN .m
 'Group beam 0.626

 1477 
3
  1477  
3

 I e ,Group beam    0.268   1      0.132  0.136 m 4

 4871    4871  
Page 42
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

The deflection of truck :

Truck
max   P1   P 2   P 3

 P1 : The deflection duo to front wheel loaded

 P 2 : The deflection duo to middle wheel loaded
 P 3 : The deflection duo to behind wheel loaded Page 43
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

The deflection duo to front wheel loaded:

Pb
1 1x
 P1  ( L2  b12  x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec  27700MPa
I  I e,Group beam  0.136m 4
118.7 103 1.222  6.978
  P1  (12.52  1.222 2  6.9782 )  0.38mm
6  27700  I e,Group beam 12.5
Page 44
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

The deflection duo to middle wheel loaded :

P2b2 x 2 2
P2  ( L  b2  x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec  27700MPa
I  I e,Group beam  0.136m 4
491.8 103  5.522  6.978
 P2  (12.52  5.5222  6.9782 )  5.16mm
6  27700  I e ,Group beam 12.5

Page 45
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

The deflection duo to behind wheel loaded :

P3b3 x 2 2
 P3  ( L  b3  x 2 )
6 EIL

Known:
Ec  27700MPa
I  I e,Group beam  0.136m 4
491.8 103  2.678  5.522
  P3  (12.52  2.6782  5.522 2 )  3.05mm
6  27700  I e ,Group beam 12.5

 Truck
max  0.38  5.16  3.05  8.59 mm Page 46
7. The deflection of group beam duo to liveload

Calculate  Lane+25%Truck  ?
5 qLane  L4
 Lane 
384 Ec  I e ,Group beam
qLane  N L  m  (Lane load) =3  0.85  9.3kN / m  23.715kN / m

5 23.715 103 12.54

  Lane   2mm
384 27700  0.136

  Lane+25%Trucke  2  0.25  8.59  4.15mm

  LL  max(8.59mm; 4.15mm)  8.59mm

L 12500
 LL  8.59mm    15.625mm ok !
800 800 Page 47
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

Page 48
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

Total
WDL  2WDL
E
 3WDL
I
 2Wcurb  Wmiddle curve

γc : Density of concrete 25kN/m3

γw : Density of bituminous 22.5kN/m3 Page 50

8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

The deflection duo to deadload :

I I
Camber Max( DL
e ,,Group beam
,  DLg ,Group beam )
I e ,,Group beam 5 WDLMax
 L4  A 's 
 DL    3  1.2 
384 Ec  I e ,Group beam  As 
I g ,Group beam 5 WDLMax
 L4
 DL  
384 Ec  I g ,Group beam

I
 DLg : Deflection calculates with moment of inertia of total section.
 IDL
e
: Deflection calculates with moment of inertia of cracked section.

Page 51
8. The deflection of group beam duo to deadload

I e,Group beam  0.136m 4

I g ,Group beam  0.268m 4
Total
WDL  WDL
Max
 140.22kN / m
Ec  27700MPa
L  12.5m
A 's  0
I 5 WDLMax
 L4  A 's 
 DL
e ,Group beam
   3  1.2   35.49mm
384 Ec  I e ,Group beam  As 
I 5 WDLMax
 L4
 DLg ,Group beam    6mm
384 Ec  I g ,Group beam
I I
 Camber Max( DL
e ,,Group beam
,  DLg ,Group beam )  (35.49mm ; 6mm)  35.49mm Page 52
 TD6
Hypothesis :
- Type of cross section bridge is (e)
- Number of beams : Nb=6
- Deck thickness : ts=0.2 m
- Beam spacing : S= 2 m
- Overhang length = 1.25 mm
- The longitudinal span L= 15.5m

1. Calculate the distribution factor of interior and exterior beam for shear and bending moment?
2. Calculate the maximize shear and bending moment duo to Truck load, Tandem load and Lane load by using Influence line method?
3. Calculate the shear and bending moment of Interior and Exterior beam?
0.1
 Kg 
Note: Assume  3  1
 Lts  Page 53
 TD7
+ Hypothesis :
IM : Impact factor. IM=33% 4). Calculate the reinforcement rebar required for Interior and Exterior Beam.
Ec  27700MPa
5). Calculate the moment of inertia of cross section I g .
Es  200 103 MPa
f c' : Strength of concrete = 30MPa 6). Calculate the moment of inertia of cracked section I cr .
f y : Strength of steel = 400 MPa

7). Calculate the moment of inertia of equivalent section I e .

8). Calculate the steel stress f s .

9). Calculate the center of gravity of truck and the wheel loaded : P1 , P2, P3.

10). Calculate the deflection of beam duo to truck loaded Truck

max .

11). Calculate the deflection Truck ,  Lane+25%Truck and  LL .

Page 54