DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
ECE DEPARTMENT
Faculty Name: Mr. L V Santosh Kumar Y
Mr. D Bhaskar Rao
Digital IC’s
Analog versus Digital
Analog versus Digital
Analog versus Digital
REVIEW OF NUMBER SYSTEMS & CODES
Number System Representation
Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Quick Example
2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916
Base
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Weight
12510 => 5 x 100 = 5
2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125
Base
Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
Example
Bit “0”
1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 =
2
0 x 22 =
0
1 x 23 =
8
0 x 24 =
0
1 x 25 =
32
4310
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
Example
7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
Example
ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.
Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
15 1
2
7 1
2
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
12510 = 11111012
Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
Example
7058 = ?2
7 0 5
111 000 101
7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
Example
10AF16 = ?2
1 0 A F
0001 0000 1010 1111
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Decimal to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?8
8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2
123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?16
16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4
123410 = 4D216
Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits
Example
10110101112 = ?8
1 011 010 111
1 3 2 7
10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
Example
10101110112 = ?16
10 1011 1011
2 B B
10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
Example
10768 = ?16
1 0 7 6
001 000 111 110
2 3 E
10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1F0C16 = ?8
1 F 0 C
0001 1111 0000 1100
1 7 4 1 4
1F0C16 = 174148
Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF
Don’t use a calculator!
Skip answer Answer
Exercise – Convert …
Answer
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
Fractions
• Decimal to decimal
3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04
1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
Fractions
• Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875
Fractions
• Decimal to binary x
.14579
2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.
Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!
Skip answer Answer
Exercise – Convert …
Answer
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… [Link]…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
Fractions
• Decimal to decimal
3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04
1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
Fractions
• Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875
Fractions
• Decimal to binary x
.14579
2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.
Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!
Skip answer Answer
Exercise – Convert …
Answer
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… [Link]…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82