Analytical Chemistry I
(CHEM 237)
Dr. Marwa Elazazy
Ch1: Chemical Measurements
Carbon-fiber electrode with a 100-nanometer-
diameter (100 × 10−9 meter) tip extending from
glass capillary.
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Chapter Outline
1-1 SI Units
1-2 Chemical Concentrations
1-3 Preparing Solutions
1-4 Stoichiometry Calculations for Gravimetric
Analysis
1-5 Introduction to Titrations
1-6 Titration Calculations
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1.1 SI Units
SI units (Système International d’ Unités) are
fundamental units from which all other units are derived.
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SI Units
SI base units include the following:
meter (m) Length
kilogram (kg) Mass
second (s) Time
ampere (A) Electric current
kelvin (K) Temperature
mole (mol) Amount of substance
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Derived SI Units
Other quantities can be derived in terms of base SI
units. See Table 1-2.
Force (newton, N), Kg∙m / s2
Pressure (pascal, Pa), N / m2
Energy (joule, J), N∙m
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Table 1-2 lists some quantities that are defined in terms of the fundamental
quantities.
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Prefixes Rather than using exponential notation,
we often use prefixes from Table 1-3 to
express large or small quantities.
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Using Prefixes in Calculations
• In calculations, units should be carried along with the numbers.
• Prefixes such as kilo- and milli- are used to denote multiples of units.
• Prefixes can be used to simplify conversions between units.
Example: Express 19.3 mPa in terms of atm
19.3 mPa can be written as 19.3 10-3 Pa
1.00 atm
19.3 10 -3
Pa 1.90 10 7 atm
101325 Pa
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Example: At an altitude of 1.7 × 104 m above the Earth’s surface, the pressure
of ozone over Antarctica reaches a peak of 0.019 Pa. Can you express these
numbers using PREFIXES?
Let’s express these numbers with prefixes from Table 1-3. We customarily
use prefixes for every third power of ten (10−9, 10−6, 10−3, 103, 106, 109, and so
on). The number 1.7 × 104 is more than 103 m and less than 106 m, so we use
a multiple of 103 m (= kilometers, km):
The number 0.019 Pa is more than 10−3 Pa and less than 100 Pa, so we use a
multiple of 10−3 Pa (= millipascals, mPa):
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Example: Express the rate of energy used by a person
walking 2 miles per hour (46 + 45 = 91 Calories per hour
per 100 pounds of body mass) in kilojoules per hour per
kilogram of body mass.
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1.2. Chemical Concentrations
Define:
Solution
Solute
Solvent
Mole
Electrolyte (strong/weak)
Concentration of a solution states how much solute is
contained in a given volume or mass of solution or solvent.
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Concentrations
Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution), M
Molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent), m
Formal concentration (formula units per liter), F
Percent composition (w/w, v/v or w/v), %
Parts per million, ppm
Parts per billion, ppb
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Note: Molality is independent of temperature, whereas
Molarity changes with temperature because the volume of a
solution usually increases when it is heated.
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Molarity and Molality
Molarity (M): is the number of moles of substance per liter of solution.
Molality (m): is the number of mole of a substance per kg of solvent.
You should know how you prepare any molar or molal concentration of ions from salt. By how I
mean how many gram you will add in a volumetric flask and how you will dissolve it.
Example: Assuming that the salt AxBy (164 g/mole) dissociate completely in an aqueous solution,
how will you prepare 0.500 M of A in 1.0 liter aqueous solution?
Answer: we need to add 0.500 mole of A in one liter, but we know that each one mole of AxBy
gives us x mole of A. Therefore,
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Mass of AxBy = # mole of A X molar mass of AxBy X , If x =3
# A in the molecule
Mass of AxBy = 0.500 mole x 164 g/mole x (1/3) = 27.3 gram
Therefore, you should add 27.3 gram of the compound AxBy in a 1-L volumetric flask and dilute it to the
mark.
Formality and Molarity
Formality is the concentration entire compound regardless of ionization
Molarity of ions is the concentration of ions dissociated from the compounds.
Assume that each one cylinder below represent one mole of compound “AB”, where the blue part
represent A and the red part represent B.
If 100 % of AB dissociate (5 out of 5) in aqueous solution
The Formality of AB = 5F
The Molarity of AB = 5 X (1 – 100%) = 0 M
The Molarity of A = 5 X 100% = 5 M
The Molarity of B = 5 X 100% = 5 M
1 liter
Formality and Molarity
Formality is the concentration entire compound regardless of ionization
Molarity of ions is the concentration of ions dissociated from the compounds.
Assume that each one cylinder below represent one mole of compound “AB”, where the blue part
represent A and the red part represent B.
If 40% of AB dissociate (2 out of 5)
The Formality of AB = 5F
The Molarity of AB = 5 X (1 - 0.40) = 3 M
The Molarity of A = 5 X 0.40 = 2 M
The Molarity of B = 5 X 0.40 = 2 M
1 liter
Formality and Molarity
Formality is the concentration entire compound regardless of ionization
Molarity of ions is the concentration of ions dissociated from the compounds.
Assume that each one cylinder below represent one mole of compound “AB”, where the blue part
represent A and the red part represent B.
If 0 % of AB dissociate (0 out of 5)
The Formality of AB = 5F
The Molarity of AB = 5 X (1 – 0%) = 5 M
The Molarity of A = 5 X 0% = 0 M
The Molarity of B = 5 X 0% = 0 M
1 liter
Example 1. Only 4% of acetic acid (HAc) dissociate in an aqueous solution.
HAc H+ + Ac-
If you prepared 1.0 liter solution containing 0.200 mole of HAc
a) What is the formality of HAc?
F = 0.200 F
b) What is the molarity of HAc? 100 -0.04 = 0.96
MHAc = 0.200 x 0.96 = 0.192 M or (0.200 – 0.008 = 0.192 M)
c) What is the molarity of Ac-?
MAc- = 0.200 x 0.04 = 0.008 M
d) What is the molarity of H+?
MH+ = 0.200 x 0.04 = 0.008 M ([H+] = [Ac-])
Example 2: Calculate the formality and molarity of solute species in an aqueous solution
that contains 285 mg of trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL (the acid
is 73% ionized in water).
Number of mole of Cl3CCOOH = 0.285 g/163.4 g/mole = 1.74 x 10-3 mole
Formality of Cl3CCOOH = 1.74 x 10-3 mole / 0.0100 L = 0.174 F .
[HA] = 0.174 x 0.27 = 0.047 M
[A-] = 0.174 x 0.73 = 0.127 M
[H+] = [A-] = 0.127 M
To read more about formal concentration unit:
[Link]
Example: Molarity of Salts in the Sea
(a) Typical seawater contains 2.7 g of salt (NaCl) per 100 mL.
What is the molarity of NaCl in the ocean?
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% Composition (w/w or v/v)
Percent Composition: is the percentage of a component
in a mixture or solution (usually expressed as a weight
percent, wt%)
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Example: Converting %W into M and m
Find the molarity and molality of 37.0 wt% HCl. The
density of a substance is the mass per unit volume. The
table inside the back cover of this book tells us that the
density of the reagent is 1.19 g/mL.
Density (g/L) X Wt%(g/g) = mass (g)/ L of solution
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For molality, we need to find the moles of HCl per
kilogram of solvent (which is H2O).
The solution is 37.0 wt% HCl, so we know that 100.0 g
of solution contains 37.0 g of HCl and 100.0 − 37.0 =
63.0 g of H2O (= 0.063 0 kg).
But 37.0 g of HCl contains 37.0 /(36.46 ) = 1.01 mol.
The molality is therefore:
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Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb)
1 ppm corresponds to 1 μg/mL (= 1 mg/L) OR (1 mg/kg)
OR (1 μg/g)
1 ppb is 1 ng/mL (= 1 μg/L) OR (1 ng/g) OR (1 μg/kg)
1 g water ≈ 1 mL
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ppm, Parts per Million
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1.3 Preparing Solutions
To prepare a solution with a desired molarity from a pure
solid or liquid: weigh out the correct mass of reagent and
dissolve it in water in a volumetric flask
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Dilution
Dilution Formula
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Making Solutions
• How many grams of CuCl2∙5H2O are needed to make
500 mL of a solution that is 1 000 ppm in Cu? (MM of
CuCl2∙5H2O is 224.53 g/mol)
• First calculate the grams of Cu required
– (500-mL) (1000 µg/mL) = 5.0 105 µg Cu
– 5.0 105 µg Cu = (5.0 105 )(10-6)g Cu
– 5.0 10-1g Cu
224.53 g CuCl 5H O / mol
5.0 x 10 -1
g Cu 2 2
63.546 g Cu /mol
1.76 7 g CuCl 2 5H 2 O
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Making Solutions
• How many milliliters of 10 000 ppm CuCl2∙5H2O are
needed to make 500 mL of a solution that is 1 000.0 ppm in
Cu?
• moles of CuCl2∙5H2O solution?
(Mconc)(Vconc) = (Mdil)(Vdil)
(10 000 ppm)(Vconc) = (1 000 ppm)(500 mL)
Vconc = (1 000 ppm)(500 mL) / (10 000 ppm)
Vconc = 50 mL
Figure 1-4
Place 50 mL of 10 000 ppm CuCl2 stock solution in the 500 mL 37
Making Solutions
• How many milliliters of concentrated HCl
(12.1 M) are needed to make 500 mL of a
solution that is 0.250 M in HCl?
Mconc. HCl = 12.1 M
(Mconc)(Vconc) = (Mdil)(Vdil)
(12.1M)(Vconc) = (0.250 M)(500 mL)
Figure 1-4
Vconc = (0.250 M)(500 mL / (12.1 M)
Vconc = 10.33 mL
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END OF CHAPTER 1
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