TH E
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endocrin e syste
m
Geraldine Rowena Sampedro Galang, RN, MAN
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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
TWO TYPES OF GLANDS 1. EXOCRINE release secretions into ducts on body surfaces, such as skin or internal organs like the lining of the intestinal tract - liver, pancreas (both an exocrine and endocrine gland), breast, lacrimal gland for
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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
TWO TYPES OF GLANDS 2. ENDOCRINE release secretions directly into the blood - islets of langerhans in the pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), adrenal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus
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WHAT ARE HORMONES?
Chemical substances that are secreted by the endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body.
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MAJOR PROCESSES CONTROLLED BY HORMONES
1. REPRODUCTION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT MOBILIZING BODY DEFENSES AGAINST STRESSORS MAINTAINING ELETROLYTE, WATER, AND NUTRIENT BALANCE OF THE BODY REGULATING CELLULAR METABOLISM AND ENERGY BALANCE.
2. 3.
4. 5.
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1. AMINO ACID BASED MOLECULES * proteins * peptides * amines 2. STEROIDS * sex hormones
CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
* hormones from adrenal cortex
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3. PROSTAGLANDINS
characteristics of hormones
1. DIURNAL - CORTISOL PULSATILE AND CYCLIC - ESTROGEN VARIABLE - PARATHYROID HORMONE
2. 3.
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MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
A hormone
affects only certain tissue cells or organs, referred to as its target cells or target organs. a target cell to respond to a hormone, specific protein receptors must be present on its plasma membrane or in its interior to which that hormone can attach. hormone then will alter the cellular activity, either by increasing or decreasing the metabolic process.
For
The
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MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER HORMONE BINDING?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state. Synthesis of proteins or certain regulatory molecules (enzymes) in the cell. Activation or inactivation of enzymes. Stimulation of mitosis. Promotion of secretory activity.
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HOW DO HORMONES TRIGGER CELL CHANGES?
1. Direct Gene Activation (lipidsoluble)
steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, glucocorticoids, aldosterone) (thyroxine)
thyronines
2. Second Messenger system (water-soluble)
polypeptides
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(insulin, glucagon,
CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE
FEEDBACK MECHANISM 1. NEGATIVE 2. POSITIVE
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ENDOCRINE GLAND STIMULI
1. HORMONAL STIMULI - hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland, which then stimulates other endocrine organs to release hormones - tends to be rhythmic
2.
HUMORAL STIMULI
- changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release - release of PTH decreases calcium
3. NEURAL 4/28/12
STIMULI
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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hypothala mus
THE ENDOCRINE 1. GLANDS
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THE ENDOCRINE 2. pituitary GLANDS
Approximately Hangs
gland
the size of a pea.
by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus of the brain, where it is snugly surrounded by the turks saddle in the sphenoid bone. from epithelium of the
4/28/12 Derived
THE ENDOCRINE 2. pituitary GLANDS
gland
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THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
parathyroid
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THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
THYROID
Located in the neck, at the base of the throat, just below the cricoid cartilage, inferior to the adams apple. An epithelial gland that developed as little saclike outpocketings of the mucosa of the digestive tract (thyroid, thymus, and pancreas). It is somehow H-shaped, a large gland, consisting of 2 lobes, joined by a central mass
parathyroid
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THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
THYROID
parathyroid
HORMONES SECRETED: 1. thyroxine and triiodothyronine 2. thyrocalcitonin 4/28/12
THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
THYROID 1. THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE
ROLES
parathyroid
OF THE THYROID HORMONE:
a. Regulating growth and development. b. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. 4/28/12
THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
THYROID 1. THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE
PROBLEMS
parathyroid
OF THE THYROID
HORMONE:
a. goiter enlargement of thyroid gland b. 4/28/12 cretinism hypothyroidism in
THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
THYROID 2. THYROCALCITONIN
parathyroid
- decreases blood calcium level by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones - made by parafollicular cells in connective tissue between follicles - acts in a manner opposite to that of parathormone
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- effect on maintaining calcium balance is
THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
PARATHYROID
Four small glands near to, attached to, or embedded in the thyroid gland. Secretes a polypeptide substance called PTH or
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parathyroid
THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
PARATHYROID
1. 2.
FUNCTIONS OF PARATHORMONE: Control calcium metabolism by increasing calcium level. Increase resorption of bone, thereby maintaining normal serum calcium levels. kidneys and intestine
parathyroid
3. Stimulates 4/28/12
THE ENDOCRINE 3. thyroid and GLANDS
PARATHYROID
WHAT IS TETANY?
parathyroid
If blood calcium levels fall too low, neurons become extremely irritable and overactive. They deliver impulses to the muscles at such a rapid rate that the muscles 4/28/12 go into uncontrollable spasms,
THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
glands
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THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
Composed
glands Two bean-shaped curve over the top of the kidneys.
of an inner core of neural tissue (medulla) and outer glandular shell (cortex).
Both
contribute to survival and well-being, but only the 4/28/12
THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
ADRENAL MEDULLA
Part of the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response). epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Collectively called catecholamines.
glands
Releases
Prepare
an individual to meet and deal with threat and danger during 4/28/12 the alarm stage of stress
THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
ADRENAL MEDULLA
EPINEPHRINE
glands
- Acts on the liver to convert glycogen into glucose. - Acts on the heart to increase cardiac output.
NOREPINEPHRINE
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- Produces extensive vascular
THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
ADRENAL CORTEX
Essential for survival. Loss of the adrenocortical hormones leads to death. Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are synthesized from cholesterol.
STEROID HORMONES (CORTICOSTEROIDS): 1. MINERALOCORTICOIDS
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glands
THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
ADRENAL CORTEX 1. MINERALOCORTICOIDS (ALDOSTERONE)
glands
Regulate electrolyte balance by promoting Na retention and K excretion. Regulate water balance. Renin triggers a series of actions that form angiotensin II, a potent stimulator of aldosterone release. This help sustain normal blood pressure.
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THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
ADRENAL CORTEX 2. GLUCOCORTICOIDS (CORTISOL AND CORTISONE)
* Released in the blood if ACTH is high.
glands
EFFECTS ON THE BODY:
A. glucose metabolism B. protein and fat metabolism
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fluid and electrolyte balance
THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
ADRENAL CORTEX 3. SEX HORMONES (ANDROGENS)
glands
Secrete few amounts of androgen and estrogen compared with large amounts of sex hormones 4/28/12 secreted by the gonads.
THE ENDOCRINE 4. adrenal GLANDS
ADRENAL CORTEX
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE: 1. addisons disease hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones 2. hyperaldosteronism hyperactivity of outermost cortical area 3. cushings syndrome hyperactivity of middle cortical area
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glands
pancrea s
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
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pancrea Large fish-shaped
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
s organ that lies behind the stomach. Has both exocrine and endocrine
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EXOCRINE FUNCTIONS:
pancrea Carried out by cells within s
These
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
the tubular and acinar units of the gland.
cells secrete hormones and digestive enzymes that catalyze the 4/28/12
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS:
pancrea Carried out by the islets of s langerhans which contains alpha,
beta, and delta cells.
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
HORMONES SECRETED BY THE PANCREAS:
1. insulin 2. 4/28/12 glucagon
pancrea 1. INSULIN s
Helps A
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS:
Synthesized by beta cells. control fat and protein metabolism.
powerful hypoglycemic agent through lowering blood sugar 4/28/12
pancrea 1. INSULIN s
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS:
DIABETES MELLITUS: - literally means something sweet is passing through the body - acidosis and ketosis - type I and II
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pancrea 2. GLUCAGON s
Synthesized A
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
by alpha cells.
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS:
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hyperglycemic agent through raising blood sugar by promoting the conversion of glycogen (principal storage form of
pancrea 3. SOMATOSTATIN s
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS:
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
by delta
Synthesized
cells. Decreases secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth 4/28/12
pancrea 4. GASTRIN s
THE ENDOCRINE 5. GLANDS
by delta
ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS:
Synthesized
cells. Primarily used in metabolism of food.
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THE ENDOCRINE 6. pineal GLANDS
gland
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THE ENDOCRINE 6. pineal GLANDS
Small cone-shaped gland that hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain. entirely from neural tissue.
gland
Developed Only
the hormone melatonin appears to be secreted by this gland in substantial amounts.
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THE ENDOCRINE 7. thymus GLANDS
gland
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THE ENDOCRINE 7. thymus GLANDS
Located An
in upper thorax, posterior gland to sternum. epithelial gland that developed as little saclike outpocketings of the mucosa of the digestive tract (thyroid, thymus, and pancreas).
Large
in infants and children, decreases in size throughout 4/28/12 adulthood.
gonadotrop ins
THE ENDOCRINE 8. GLANDS
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OVARI ES Paired, almond-shaped, located in the pelvic cavity. PRODUCES:
1. females sex cells - ova or eggs 2. estrogen - responsible for primary and secondary sex characteristics - along 4/28/12 with P, promote breast and
gonadotrop ins
THE ENDOCRINE 8. GLANDS
OVARI ES DURING LATE MIDDLE AGE:
gonadotrop ins ovaries decline, causing Efficiency of
menopause (reproductive organ atrophies and ability to bear children ends).
THE ENDOCRINE 8. GLANDS
Estrogen deficiency can cause arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, decreased skin elasticity, changes in operation of 4/28/12 SNS (hot flashes).
TEST ES Paired, oval-shaped, suspended in a sac (scrotum), outside the pelvic cavity. PRODUCES: male sex cells androgens (testosterone)
AT PUBERTY: 4/28/12
gonadotrop ins
THE ENDOCRINE 8. GLANDS
primary and
PLACENTA
1. HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
During early pregnancy, similar to LH, this stimulates ovaries to continue producing E and P so that the lining of uterus is not sloughed off. the third month, assumes the job of producing E and P hormones. E and P prepare the breasts for lactation
In
2. HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN
Helps
3. RELAXIN
Causes
mothers pelvic ligaments and 4/28/12 symphysis pubis to relax and become more
HORMONES PRODUCED BY ORGANS OTHER THAN THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGANS
PROSTAGLANDINS (PGs PGA to PGI) blood vessels: vasoconstriction
GASTRIN stomach: release HCl
INTESTINAL GASTRIN stomach: inhibit HCl and GI mobility
SECRETIN pancreas: releases bicarbonate-rich juice liver: increase release of bile
CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) pancreas: releases enzyme-rich juice gallbladder: expulsion of bile duodenal papilla: sphincter relaxation, allowing bile and pancreatic juice to enter duodenum
ERYTHROPOETIN bone marrow: RBC production
ACTIVE VITAMIN D3 intestine: active transport of Ca across cell membrane
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common clinical manifestations
of a client with
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endocrin e proble m
THANK YOU
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